Analysis Of Noun Phrase In English And Vietnamese Education Essay

Noun phrases every bit good as other phrases play an of import function in get the hanging any linguistic communication. Without noun phrase, there would hold no agents, no patients, and no receivers. Additionally, no affair how broad our vocabulary whitethorn be, a individual word is frequently deficient in showing our thought.. A incompatible analysis between face and Vietnamese is necessary and interesting for learning and analyzing. Al virtually every linguistic communication has noun phrases, nevertheless, disrespect holding the same basic convictstruction, they accommodate some differences..This survey aims to research internal and external construction of English and Vietnamese noun phrases so make a comparing between two ports of NP every bit good as suggest some teaching deductions. I hope through this assignment, some(prenominal) I and the readers will see something helpful which washbowl use to English instruction and acquisition.Noun phrase in EnglishDefinitionsL e ( 2002 ) defined noun phrase ( NP ) as a group of words get downing with a noun and working appositional. This NP frequently goes right earlier or right after(prenominal) the noun it expresses. ex-husband A victim of war, he hated the sight of soldiers. ( A victim of war = he )Harmonizing to L.H.Nguyen ( 2004 ) , a NP is a group of words with a noun or pronoun as the boss sight ( the headland ) . In his book Analyzing English , Jackson added some more deal about the psyche which is the negligible demand for the get holding of a noun phrase . Despite the NP is in simple strain much(prenominal) as pupils or in complex signifier such as the narrative about the miss who used to populate at that interpose , it must hold a noun or pronoun showing the chief thought.StructureBasically, a noun phrase consists of 3 chief parts Pre Alteration, Head, Post Alteration. But in some complex NPs, we bottomland match that the Pre Alteration may control other elements. Based on the possibility of NP in the book Analyzing English by Howard Jackson, we have a elaborate expression of NP as followersPre AlterationHeadPost AlterationPre clincher( A )Identifiers( B )Numeral/Quantifier( C )Adjectives( D )Noun qualifier( Tocopherol )N/pro( F )Relative clauses, measureless clause, prepositional phrase, procedurals, adverbs.( G )Table 1 The construction of a NP in EnglishNow, we will travel into inside informations of the construction of a NP.Pre AlterationThis portion fundamentally has 5 elements as shown in the above tabular array. The first component is pre-determiners. They atomic number 18 a little group of words which may happen beforehand the identifier in a NP. They similarly have quantifier mention ( all, both, half, a ) fraction numbers ( one-third, a ) .Following component is identifiers. This component includes articles ( a, an, the ) unreserved ( this, that, these, those ) genitives ( my, your, his, a ) . But there is one thing we sho uld pay attending. In any NP, merely merely one identifier may happen, it means that articles, demonstrative and genitives are reciprocally sole. We ca nt state that my house but if we use of-phrase with the genitive pronoun, we can show that NP in another manner that book of mine .In some NPs such as five cats , several books , the pre alteration here is numerical ( five ) or quantifier ( several ) . Besides, sometimes, we can see the combination of these two elements in some NPs. The frequent sequences are ordinal numerical ( particularly first and survive ) + indefinite quantifier ( eg the first few hours ) , ordinal + cardinal ( eg the 2nd five yearss ) , indefinite quantifier + central numerical, particularly circular figure ( eg several thousand people ) ( Nguyen, 2004, p. 44 ) .To detonate the psyche noun in some manner, the following component, adjectives, begin after the identifier and numerals/quantifiers. However, in instance that several adjectiv es co-occur in a NP, there is a code for their order.nameSizeformagecoloring materialbeginningsubstancepresent participlecapturingSmallunit of ammunitionoldbrownGallicoakencomposing tabular arrayTable 2 The procedural orderThe last component is noun qualifiers which come between the adjectives and the ca designate noun. As we can see, nouns may work non merely as caputs of NP but besides qualifiers in NP. For illustration, in NP a kids book , kids modifies book and a kids book means a book for kids.Beside 5 basic elements mentioned supra, there is one farther multifariousness of pre-modification that is NP in possessive instance. This sort is marked by an s added to the its concluding word ( eg my friend s bike ) .HeadThe most usual sort of caput of NP is noun, but in some NPs such as She is my best friend , the caput may be a pronoun of some sort, commonly a personal pronoun ( he, she, youa ) . Similarly, Jacobs ( 1995 ) stated that many NPs in English are individual signifiers dwelling possibly merely of a noun or a pronoun. When the caput is a pronoun, it does nt necessitate any alteration, particularly the pre-modification.Kinds of pronoun operation as the caputExamplesPersonal pronounHe, she, you, they, we, a .Indefinite pronounPerson, something, cipher, a Possessive pronounHis, her, your, their, aDemonstrative pronounThis, that, aTable 3 Kinds of pronoun operation as the caput of NPPost-modificationThis portion is most often followed by phrases or clauses. Three sorts of phrasal/clausal post-modification we frequently see is proportional clauses, unnumberable clauses, and prepositional phrases, sometimes we besides see an adjective or an adverb operation as a post-modifier in NP ( Jackson, p.15 ) .A comparative clause consists of a comparative pronoun ( who, whom, which, that, whose, a ) as a caput, which mentions back to the caput noun of NP. If the comparative pronoun s map is object in the comparative clause, we can exclude that compar ative pronoun.Infinite clause is clause normally without topics introduced by a infinite signifier of the verb. That sort of clause include 3 sorts space clause, present participial clause, past participial.In a NP, prepositional phrase occurs most often working as post-modifier.Some illustrationsAll the schools in townA B F G ( prepositional phrase )The last few yearssB C C FDong Bang Shin Ki, my ducky music set.F G ( appositional NP )My noisy 4-year-old white Tai catB name age coloring material FThis arch revenue enhancement aggregator s grabbing manusNP Genitive D FThe Korea history which has merely been published.B D F G ( comparative clause )Something of import to makeF ( indefinite pro ) G ( adjectives ) G ( infinite clause )The miss behind youB F G ( adverb )Two genus Equus caballuss eating grass.A F G ( infinite clause present participial )A subject vocal composed by Lee So ManB E F G ( infinite clause past participial )One-third of the populationA B FNoun phrase in Vietna meseDefinitionsMai, Vu and Hoang ( 2006 ) defined NP ( danh nga? ) is a phrase in which the noun map as the chief portion.Besides, NP in the theory of Doan, Nguyen, Pham ( 2001 ) is a free combination of a noun karyon and one or more than one subsidiary elements which can be front elements abideing before the nucleus noun or can be end elements standing after the nucleus noun.StructureAs a phrase, NP in Vietnamese besides has three chief parts Pre-Modification ( Front Element ) , Head ( Nucleus ) , Post-Modification ( End Element ) . More elaborate, harmonizing to Mai et Al. s theory ( pp. 276-280 ) , the construction of NP in Vietnamese can be described as followersTat canha?ngCaicon meoAenay( -3 )( -2 )( -1 )Head noun ( 0 )( 1 )( 2 )Table 4 The construction of a NP in VietnameseFront elementsAs we can see from the tabular array, the elements in the locating ( -3 ) , ( -2 ) and ( -1 ) are called front elements, while the elements standing after the karyon ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) are ca lled end elements. Those elements are placed in a invariable manner as shown in the above tabular array.In footings of the front elements, we have three sorts. In the place ( -1 ) , quantifiers such as tat ca , tat thay , hat thay , hat ca , ca , a.are used. Those words can happen beforedefinite numbers mat, hai, Ba, ban, a ex-wife tat ca ban m?i sinh vien ( 1 )corporate nouns Aan, lA , bo , ba , nam, a .Ex-husband ca lA con traigeneral nouns qua?n, ao, binh, linh, xe ca , may moc, aEx-husband hat thay may mocLet s pay attending to the quantifiers such as tat ca , tat thay , hat thay , hat ca , ca , a.From the illustrations above, we can see that such those quantifiers occur before the caput noun. Now, taking the first illustration, is it right if we narrate it in such a manner ban m?i sinh vien tat ca ? Actually, in footings of grammar, it is right but the significance is different. The NP tat ca ban m?i sinh vien means that no pupils are left, but in ban m?i sinh vien tat ca , there are some pupils left. So, we can reason that tat ca can stand before and after the caput noun depending on the talker s attending.Diep Quang Ban ( 2000 ) stated that place ( -2 ) is the topographic point taken by word household as followersDefinite numeral/ central figure ( ta cha sa l?a?ng xac Aanh/sa ta )Mat, hai, Ba, ban, m?a?i, trA?m a..M?a?i con meoEstimate quantifier ( ta cha sa pha?ng Aanh )Vai, vai Ba, dA?m, m?i, avai Ba khach hangAllocating words ( ta ham y phan phai )Ma-i, mat, tang, aMa-i cong danArticles ( quan ta )Nha?ng, cac, mat, ..Nha?ng bac sAWord may May con ga nayTable 5 the place ( -2 ) in a NP in VietnameseHowever, we should pay attending that such elements as vai, vai Ba, dA?m, a can non co-exist with the quantifiers such as tat ca , tat thay , hat thay , hat ca , ca in the place ( -3 ) .In footings of the place ( -1 ) , Diep Quang Ban ( 2000 ) stated that it is taken by the deictic word cai ( ta cha xuat ) in or der to stress things mentioned in the caput noun. However, sometimes, cai is replaced by another deictic word such as con in NP con ng?a?i ay . In Vietnamese NP, cai occurs before the caput noun and can step in between a numerical ( if there is one ) and the classifier or a step phrase. It may be preceded by other pre-noun qualifiers such as quantifiers, numbers, and articles. It must ever coincide with a classifier as in ba cai cuan len kia or ba cai thung n?ac nay . Besides, cai is sometimes mistaken with the homonymic classifier cai , but it s different from classifier cai every bit good as other classifiers in term of dispersion and map. When cai precedes a count noun, the usage of a classifier is obligatory, as shown in ( a ) . However, cai can non be used before the homonymic classifier as shown in ( B )Ba cai cuan len ( correct )Ba cai cai chen ( incorrect )Normally, with the presence of the deictic word, the noun is demonstrative like nay , kia , ay , a . ( eg cai tha?ng nhoc nay ) . But, in speak linguistic communication, we frequently see that the demonstratives are omitted, like cai tha?ng nhoc .The karyon ( head noun ) Harmonizing to Dinh Dien ( n.d ) , the karyon ( place ( 0 ) ) may be a noun ( boy, teacher, cat, housea ) or a combination between a classifier ( danh ta cha loai ) and the caput noun such as con ng?a?i , quya?n sach , may say . Otherwise, the caput noun may be a classifier followed by a descriptive free word bunch ( ta ha?p ta ta do mieu ta ) such as hai ng?a?i Aang ngai noi chuyan Aa?ng kia , nha?ng viac ban hom ba?a Additionally, words which are non nouns can besides be the caput due to the talking wont of Vietnamese. For illustration, we can shorten the NP hai cac ca phe Aen into the NP hai Aen .Some Vietnamese classifiers are normally usedcaiA used for most inanimate objects ( cai ban, cai gha , .. )con normally for animate beings and kids ( con be ) , but can be used to depict some inanimate objects ( con dao, con A?a?ng )bai used for composings like vocals, drawings, verse forms, essays, etc ( bai th , bai hat, .. )cay used for stick-like objects ( cay ph?a?ng, cay sung, a )toa edifices of potentiality tribunals, halls, tusk towers ( toa nha , .. )qua/trai used for ball-shaped objects ( qua chuai, trai Aat, .. )quya?n/cuan used for book-like objects ( cuan sach, quya?n tap chi , .. )ta? sheets and other thin objects do of paper ( ta? giay, ta? bao, .. )la smaller sheets of paper ( la th , la bai, a )viac an event or an on-going procedure ( viac kinh doanh, viac ha?c, a )End elementsDoan et Al. classified the remnant elements in footings of portion of address, construction, manner of connexion, order of some elements.c.1 ) In footings of portion of addressnounlap ngoai nga?verblap giao tiapadjectivallap Aongcentral numericallap 4noun of topographic pointlap tren la?unoun of cliplap buai taipronounlap caa toiTable 6 The terminal elements in Vietnamese NP in footings of portion of addressc.2 ) In footings of constructionA chief accessary phrase sach vA?n ha?c Ma?A co-ordinated phrase sach nghe va noiA S-V phrase sach ma toi vaa muac.3 ) In footings of manner of connexionDirect shipway ( eg tinh tha?n thep, mat ba caua )Indirect ways ( eg ba phim ma anh thich, bai viat ma toi vaa hoan thanh )c.4 ) In footings of the undermentioned orderThe nucleus i? A i? B ( a, B, leg Celsius, vitamin D ) i? CABacillusCgoes with the karyon to organize a phrase ( a compound noun )describes the features of the object that the karyon mentionedEx-husband phong khach rang, ban lam viac American ginseng tra?ng, a .demonstrative pronouns such as nay, ay, Ao aaBCvitamin Da noun, a verb or an adjectival va? + noun or ba?ng + noun caa + noun or aY + noun ClausesTable 6 The terminal elements in Vietnamese NP in footings of some elements order.Something about demonstratives may do you misconstruing if we arrange them in different order. For illustrat ion, compare two NPs viac ay caa anh and viac caa anh ay , we can see the difference in significance here due to our talking modulation. In the first NP, if we speak with a aim modulation, we can understand it as his work , whereas, if we speak with a raising modulation at ay in the 2nd NP, it can be understood that it s your work, non others work .Some illustrationsTat ca nha?ng cai vay Aen ba?ng denims aY store Cass ma ca?u( -1 ) ( -2 ) ( -3 ) ( 0 ) ( 1 ) ( ai? bi? ci? vitamin D )th?a?ng thay Ao( 2 )B ) Aa?ng Aua sa 2 aY tr?ac ma?t ( Diep, 2000, p. 60 )( 0 ) ( 1 ) ( central numberi? degree Celsius )degree Celsius ) Nha?ng tha?ng nhoc nghach nga?m ay( -2 ) ( 0 ) ( 1 ) ( adjectival ) ( 2 )vitamin D ) San nha qi mai lau( 0 ) ( 1 ) ( S-V phrase )vitamin E ) Cai cuan tap chi aY tren ka Ao( -1 ) ( 0 ) ( 1 ) ( degree Celsius ) ( 2 )A comparing of English NP and Vietnamese NPFrom what we discuss above about the NP in English and Vietnamese, we can see that both of them have a basic construction pre-modification, caput, post-modification. . However, there are still some differences between them. We will discourse some suspect similarities and differences in the places of pre-modification and post-modification in English and Vietnamese NP.First, in both English and Vietnamese NP, quantifier, numbers, fractions stand before the caput noun.( a ) All those old chairsQuantifier caput noun( B ) Several thousand peoplenumerical caput noun( degree Celsius ) One-third of my pupilsfraction caput noun( a ) Tat ca nha?ng cai gha cA Aoquantifier caput noun adjectival( B ) Vai ngan ng?a?inumerical caput noun( degree Celsius ) Mat pha?n Ba sa ha?c sinh caa toifraction caput nounSecond, demonstrative, ordinal Numberss, genitives come before the caput noun in English but after the caput noun in Vietnamese.That big brick housedemonstrative caput nounThe 2nd circuit to Koreaordinal figure caput nounMy favorite spicy nutrientgenitive caput noun( a ) Ngoi nha ba?ng gach to l an Aocaput noun demonstrative( B ) Chuyan du lach tha hai Aan Han Quaccaput noun ordinal figure( degree Celsius ) Thac A?n key yeu thich caa toicaput noun genitiveThird, in footings of adjectives, we put them in forepart of the caput noun in English NP but in Vietnamese, we put them after the caput noun.Ex-husband cai ban mau nau lam ba?ng ga- xoaicaput noun. adjectivesA brown oaken tabular array.adjectives head noun.However, in some instances, adjectives come after the caput noun in English NP such as something unusual , person brave , a Additionally, the order of adjectives qualifiers in English is instead icy ( name, size, form, age, coloring material, beginning, substance, present participial ) whereas that in Vietnamese NP may be exchanged, based on the talker s attending. For illustration, in English, we merely have merely one order a reasonably bluish skirt but when we say in Vietnamese, there are 2 ways mat chiac vay mau xanh district attorney tra?i xinh xan and ma t chiac vay xinh xan mau xanh district attorney tra?i .Furthermore, in English NP, the happening of nouns and clinchers is obligatory but optional in Vietnamese NP. So, if we translate the phrase cuan sach tren ban into Vietnamese, it will be book on tabular array . Is it right? As you see, the straightforward phrase should be the book on the tabular array .In Vietnamese, classifiers are by and large obligatory in numerated NP whereas in English, we do nt usually utilize classifiers before nouns, except some particular words a brace of places , a loaf of staff of life a .Ex-husband In English, we say two books but in Vietnamese, we say hai cuan sach .The following difference I want to advert is the place of noun qualifiers. In English NP, they come before a caput noun but in Vietnamese, they come after the caput noun. Nevertheless, in some instances in Vietnamese, noun qualifiers precedes the caput noun ( eg mat thi nhan, mat ca? tha , .. )A concert dance categoryA b undle circuitA summer run( a ) Mat lap Ba le( B ) Chuyan du lach tra?n goi( degree Celsius ) chian dach mua heLast but non least, sometimes there are some equivocal constructions that cause us baffled. In Vietnamese, what comes into people s head foremost is spoken foremost is the common regulation, which is besides a natural order of people s thought ( Dinh, n.d, p. 11 ) . Let s take a NP as an illustration. How many ways you can state the English NP a new Korean leather coat ? We have mat cai ao khoac mai ba?ng long thu caa Han Quac or mat cai ao khoac Han Quac ba?ng long thu mai and mat cai ao khoac ba?ng long thu Han Quac mai .It seems that in the English NP, the place of pre-modifiers and post-premodifiers are non so free and flexible as that in Vietnamese NPDeduction in English instruction and acquisitionLearners of English may hold some troubles such as how to interpret fromEnglish into Vietnamese and vice versa due to the differences in the place of pre-modifiers an d post-modifiers we have merely mentioned above ( for illustration mat quya?n sach hay a book good or a book interesting. They may besides be in problem with the order of the adjectives in a instead long noun phrase with many adjectives. Which adjective come foremost? Which one will come next? Where should we set those adjectives. Vietnamese pupils may happen it hard to retrieve all the places due to the wont of puting the adjectives after the caput noun and utilizing them flexibly.Knowing clearly about English NP and Vietnamese NP, particularly the differences every bit good as the common errors that Vietnamese scholars frequently meet will assist the instructors guide their pupils right. In other words, scholars can cognize their errors from the beginning so that they can happen it easy to larn English subsequently, particularly grammar. Based on the cognition of English NP and Vietnamese NP, the instructors besides design the undertakings for pupils to consolidate and pattern co gnition of phrases and sentences in both two linguistic communications.DecisionIn decision, although NP in English and Vietnamese has the same basic construction ( pre-modification, caput, post-modification ) , they are non the same in the word order of pre-modification and post-modification. These differences are caused by the unsimilarity in thought and talking wont of English and Vietnamese. As a pupil every bit good as a teacher-to-be, this research helps me a batch. When making this assignment, I have a opportunity to consolidate my cognition of both English and Vietnamese and cognize something new and helpful. With what I learn from this research, I will use to my survey and learning calling.