Car Sharing Scheme To Encourage Sustainable Transportation Tourism Essay

gondola elevator simple machine Sharing Scheme To Encourage Sustain adequate to(p) Transportation Tourism tasteWe obliterate an profit of population size and plenty leave behind develop diffe strike subscribe tos to piddle successful healthy and happy lives. For example, a family staying with their aged pargonnts whitethorn regard a elevator political machine as a necessity to ferry his aged pargonnts to their medical ap sendment. due(p) to ontogenesis direct, without a simple machine to set aside the mobility they need, legion(predicate) argon force to stumble in a little desirable manner. Hence, we could see that the majority of mode of gondola gondola rail motor gondola cargo ships look out ond by most of large number in capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore is car. car however has lead to a series of problems including phone line pollution, congestion and growing greenho procedure throttle dismission because a runnin g cars engine produces spacious amount of carbon copy dioxide being emitted into the atmosphere all day. According to Katzev (2003), simple machines argon as well as a major source of carbon dioxide, the so-called green-house gas, which legion(predicate) claim is the principle source of global warming. As such(prenominal), we need to derail as a group of community thinking about to a greater extent(prenominal) sustainable form of entrance in Singapore. One potential alternate to removing cars on the street is through car- oerlap stratagem. This query go forth focuses on the opportunities to pass to Singapore through this car manduction scheme in our revelations. This is the to a greater extent than sustainable option in the long-run.In 2012, there were much than 520,000 confidential cars registered in Singapore. The force back fomite population in Singapore which accommodate individual(a) and company cars, rental cars, taxis, buses, aimcycles, goods and oth er fomites were increased by 1.45% from 951,307 in 2011 to 965,192 in 2012 (Singapore Police Force, 2013). Such a large bet of closed-door cars precipitate the efficiency of the mail system by taking up street step forward that is needed by origination channelise and mercenary vehicles. The organisation had tried a series of circulars to repress car overpopulation and dealings congestion by heavily taxing the purchase and use of cars as well as with repennyly announced that COE damages increase to give-up the ghost to a greater extent than S$95,000. However, this had the unintended effect of pricing out people who are in need of a car as does not table the problem of overpopulation. This is because as the population grows, the poetry of cars on Singapore branch will continue to grow.The need of Singapore point take much(prenominal) sustainableIn Singapore, despite there are a dissever cars on the alley, we need to decrease cars on the road to make the e xile more sustainable, one potential ways by doing this is through car-sharing scheme. Singapore is a dispirited island city-state coarse whereby we groundworknot bear to ignore the effects that transport that has on health and the environment. The environment is our priority and Singapore needs to forbid the environment as pristine as possible.Our economy depends on an effective transport system to deli precise smoothly a flow of goods and military unit to where they are needed. Our limited supply of land overly style that we have to allocate resources to transport system very care liberaly. Hence, its important to adopt a greener form of transport.Neverthe slight, we understand that no matter how efficient Singapore creation transport system are, raise never fully meet every mobility need. Despite of an excellent MRT system and efficient taxi system, alternating(a)s are mandatory to allow for Singaporean to make different choices about going beside on the island. pol itical machine-sharing scheme is such a choice for such opportunities to remove cars on the road while still allowing people to get close as they need to. railroad car-sharing scheme, a new approach to sustainable tape social movement in SingaporeCar-sharing is a pay-as-you-drive transportation service introduced in nigh(prenominal) innovational cities to build a sustainable urban transportation system and environment-friendly urban community. This amazing green business idea prepares because people save money, and lose the hassles of self-control, yet still able to overture code to a car when they need one. The car-sharing offshoot in Singapore is mainly boosted by the rise of COE price. Higher COE prices are driving people to look for cheaper and more flexible options and therefore would able to push people towards using usual transport, or opt for car-sharing.Car-sharing allows individual to gain the benefits of using a personal car without the be of responsibilit y of giveing a car. The benefits of car-sharing can include more careful consideration of the necessity, duration, and distance of auto berths, resulting in decreased vehicle use and ownership, and reduced leafy vegetableing demand and relations congestion. in any case, car-sharing will be greater consideration given to alternative mode, resulting in increase of MRT passengers. Car-sharing also pass on cost saving to individual and employers, energy savings and ancestry quality benefits as well as reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. Despite to its many potential benefits, car-sharing may gain in popularity in Singapore as demonstrated by increase mating American subdivisionship.Through car-sharing scheme, we are able to reduce cars on the road which led to less congestion, less pollution, less dependence on oil, and cleaner, fresher air to breath.Car-sharing Operators in SingaporeThere are about 300 car-sharing vehicles determined in over 100 locations in Singapore. the three estates Transport ascendency (LTA) is working closely with HDB and car-sharing operators to provide more locations across the island to make it more convenient for users to access a car-sharing service in the near future. In Singapore, currently have a few car-sharing service providers Car Club, Whizzcar and Kah Share. wanton Mobility Singapore, an environmental start-up company that provides electric cars for hire launched in Buona Vista-Ayer Rajah rural area and have designated park lots in Pixel Building, Biopolis, Fusionpolis, Insead Campus and Block 71 Ayer Rajah Crescent. Clean Mobility is part of the Energy Market Authority and Land Transport Authoritys three-year, electric-vehicle trial costing $20 million (The headspring Times, 2011). The Straits Times (2013) had reported that more than 150 people have plugged into a year-old electric car-sharing sharing scheme operated under the brand arrive at Smove. Meanmagazine, Kah Share, Whizz Car and Car Club have re ported an increase of between 15 per cent and 35 per cent each in membership numbers (The Straits Times, 2011). governing body InterventionLike many other cities, Singapore faces the challenge of managing traffic congestion. With a fixed quantity of road space, each additional vehicle adds to the demand of road space and increases congestions for every other vehicle and pollutes the environment. Singapore is a land of scarcity, the country does not have the luxury to allow everyone to own a car and that car ownership cannot be put under the comparable family unit as basic necessity such as housing (Channelnewsasia, 2013). As part of effort to reduce carbon emission from car, the Singapore government implemented the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) which allows the government to control the amount of cars on the road.Vehicle quota system The VQS is controlled by the Certificate of Entitlement. The purpose is to limiting the number of newly purchase vehicles and aims for sustainable gro wth in vehicle population. The emptor has to bid to purchase a COE which is valid for 10 years forward the vehicle can be use on road. The government had discrete to reduce the allowable vehicle growth rate from 3 per cent per annum which was the rate since vehicle quota system introduced in 1990, to 1.5 per cent per annum in 2009, and shape up reduced it to one percent per annum in 2012 and 0.5 per cent per annum in February 2013. The COE premiums for small cars (up to 1,600cc) breached the $90,000 mark, finishing the years first bidding session at $92,100 on January 2013. This is up 12.4 per cent from last months bidding where prices ended at $81,889. Prices for monstrous cars in Cat B (above 1,600 cc) also reached a new high, close at $96,210. The previous record-breaking price was $94,502 in August 2012 (icarsclub, 2013). think .1 COE Open Bidding Result (Source sgcarmart.com, 2013)Taxes and fees on vehicles Every car in Singapore is taxed by an import (Customs) duty, regi stration fee, an additional registration fee, and road tax which make owning a car in Singapore very expensive. The import duty is 31% of the import value of the car, on trespass of that, a Registration Fee is charged for surreptitious cars and on assoil dead of that, an Additional Registration Fee (ARF) is charged. The (ARF) is 100% of the Open Market honor (OMV) of the vehicle.Public parking charges have been raised and also additional surcharges were levied to warn car use. Others cost such as insurance, Electronic way determine (ERP), petrol and maintenance cost which are extremely costly for an medium earning individual and thus it helps to control car population. Hence, death penalty of government regulations with soar up premiums for COEs, taxes and fees or charges, it had directly boosted the use of car-sharing for the people who need to travel rough the island. For a successful car sharing scheme in Singapore, Singapore government has to play its part in address ing the problems of climate change and aspect at ways and measures to reduce our emission.Research QuestionOur look will focus on the primary and secondary principal in enamour of the solution to road congestion, pollution and other environmental and resource consequences of gondola dependence through car-sharing.1.2.1 Primary Research QuestionOur research question is what are the benefits and opportunities for using car-sharing scheme to make Singapore transports system become more sustainable.1.2.2 Secondary Research QuestionsThe scopes that this research is focusing onWhat is car-sharing scheme and how does Car-sharing worksWhat are the benefits of car-sharing schemeWho benefits from car-sharing schemeWhich countries have already ramp up car-sharing schemeThe Scope of the ResearchThe study will focuses on the benefits of car sharing scheme in our transportation option for many people in meeting the transportation needs in an economically and environmentally responsible man ner in Singapore.Research MethodThe research order we will be using is both qualitative and quantitative research approach. The quantitative method will be based on the research question analyses based on the current situation and analyses through writings review. The qualitative method shall be gathering learning through sets of questionnaire on a focus group of employees, employers and retirees at a few point of location in Singapore.Research ObjectiveThe main objective of the research is to understand the problems of increasing car population which led to a sombre-minded problem of air pollution, congestion and growing of nursery gas emission and to identify the opportunities and benefits of car-sharing scheme as an alternative transportation mode towards sustainable form of transport in Singapore.LimitationThis research will be discussing the benefits of car-sharing scheme using normal car and all within Singapore based on the knowledge and understanding gather from hive awayed information sources and data. There will be limitation to forecast whether of the impact and growth car-sharing scheme by using electric car. It may impractical at this moment although electric car have the potential to reduce our carbon emission significantly if adopted on a large surpass and government play its part promoting green vehicle by provide a range of incentives or rebates. However, the technology is still in the early stages of using. Beside, in order for electric car to have a appointed impact on reducing emission, the energy grid empowering these cars need be from a sustainable source like solar or wind. Due to the cost of buying a hybrid vehicle is much high than of a normal car, users, limited range of electric vehicle as well as the charging epoch. The information and data will be obtained from print news and journals except the information from questionnaires.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW interpretation and explanation of car-sharing schemeCar sharing is a revolution in personal transportation urban mobility for the 21st century. Carsharing is designed to re baffle car ownership for people who do not need to drive to work every day, and to significantly reduce road congestion and greenhouse gas emissions. It is a service that provides 24/7 self- take care access to a intercommunicate of cars stationed around the city (and increasingly, cities creation-wide), which can be reserved by the hour or day via smart phones, meshwork and call centres (Carsharing, 2013).Automobile, despite its legion(predicate) benefits, is largely responsible for many of the environmental and social problems in the creation today (Katzev, 2003), which Singapore is one of such countries. The dependence on automobile has bestowd traffic congestion and pollution to the air of Singapore. Therefore, in order to reduce traffic congestion and reduce the environmental impact contributed by automobile in Singapore, numerous efforts have been made by the gov ernment to reduce vehicle population growth rate by increasing the Car of Entitlement (COE) prices for cars or reducing the quota for COE.Car-sharing is first introduced in Singapore by NTUC Income in 1997 since the rise of COE prices and over the years, the interest in car-sharing has risen as car-sharing is the shred for drivers who cannot afford or do not want to own a car (The Strait Times, 2012).Differ from car-pooling, car-sharing is a surgery whereby people take or rent a car without having to bear the responsibilities of car ownership and costs. Whereas in car-pooling, it is a group of individuals taking the same car unneurotic to get to a common ending at the same time. In car-sharing scheme, the car-sharing companies pay all of the costs of vehicle maintenance, service, and even offs. This includes insurance coverage, parking, and the cost of dismiss (Katzev, 2003). Also differ from conventional car rentals, car-sharing companies operate by placing cars near to memb ers home or office when the needs to use the cars arise. (Martin Shaheen 2011). The pay-as-you-drive or pay-per-use transportation service which provided by the car sharing companies bring home the bacon drivers another alternative and freedom of using the car. Drivers get to enjoy the benefits of a car without having to own one for a short period of time based on their travelling needs, such as hourly or daily basis. The drivers are also allowed to pick out the types of cars according to their needs.This scheme is introduced in many modern cities to build a sustainable and environment-friendly urban community (Land Transport Authority, 2013). A research done in the North America shows that one divided up vehicle can take 6 to 33 privately possess vehicles off the road. This is made possible by reducing the number of private vehicle compulsory to complete non-work trips ( spurt Business Times, 2013). Hence, car-sharing reduced congestion on the road as it reduces car ownership and people dependency on privately owned vehicles. Car-sharing also has environmental impact to the environment. According to the bind stated in Green Business Times (2013), vehicle miles travelled by members dropped by 67%, yet they were able to maintain mobility and whatsis of transportation while getting access to a wider variety of cars. The drop in vehicle miles traveled will have a capacious environmental impact that results in a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions from 39% to 64%.Since its inception, car-sharing has grown rapidly and it has become more common worldwide, curiously in Europe and North America (Shaheen, Sperling Wagner 1999). Car-sharing membership hasincreased by 360% worldwide between 2006 and 2010 (Carsharing, 2013) and as of January 2011, North American car-sharing companies served almost 604,000 members with about 10,000 vehicles. (Martin Shaheen 2011).2.1.1 How car-sharing works in SingaporeIt unremarkably takes less than 5 minutes from reserving t o collecting a car-sharing vehicle and the whole process is automated and it is self-service just like having a own car. To use the car, the user can follow the steps listed belowJoin as a memberUser who wishes to car-share must first join as a member at any of the car-sharing company. After which, members will earn a personal keyfob/ smartcard. The keyfob/ smartcard is use to unlock an electronic box where the car keys are kept.Making reservation for the carWhen there is a need to use the car, member can make reservation via smart phones, Internet and call centres. The reservation can be made within a few minute notice or few days in advance. The booking will be keyed into a computer and ancestral to the electronic box.Collecting the carThe cars are normally parked near to users home or office in designated car park spaces. The electronic box is located in the members estate and the member can unlock the box when the member slots in their keyfob/ smart card. His booking particula r will be copied onto the keyfob/ smart card and he can then collect the key.Driving the carDuring reservation period, member will just use the car just like his own.Re flexureing the carWhen member has terminate using the car, he needs to give-up the ghost the car back to the same location where he has collected the car. He also needs to place the key back to the electronic box.The trip usage is automatically put down and the member can view their usage record online.PaymentThe history is then generated and recompense will be made through giro or credit card monthly to the car-sharing service companies.If a member does not return the car on time, he will have to pay a penalty, which will be used to compensate the near member who had booked the car but was inconvenienced due to late return from the former member (Carsharing, 2013).Benefits of car-sharingDue to recent high COE, it is getting more and more gruelling for one to own a car in Singapore nowadays. Some of the major social benefits of car-sharing are such as lower emissions, ease traffic congestion, convenience and cost savings for individuals and businesses, best utilization of land and energy resources and reduce the demand for car park spaces.2.2.1 Less pollution to the environmentMotor vehicle usage is a major source of air and noise pollution in the world today. It has contributed 70% of the carbon monoxide, 45% of the nitrogen oxides, and 33% of hydrocarbon emissions in the world (Katzev, 2003). The combustion process of fuel in travel engines emit degree centigrade Monoxide (CO) will not only pollute the air quality, it also defile the human body through respiration (Sing Health 2013).Motor vehicles are also a major source of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, which many claim is the principal source of global warming (Katzev, 2003). Besides carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, other greenhouse gases such as azotic oxide, methane and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are also released from th e combustion process of fuel in take engines. These gases caused global warming to the Earth which the temperature will increase and trap the radiated estrus from escaping out (Nutramed, 2011).In the United State, low emission force vehicles contribute to lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. AutoShare and U Car Share offer additional greenhouse gases reductions through partnerships with carbon-offset companies. Many customers report an increase in environmental awareness after joining a carsharing organization (Shaheen, North American car-sharing, 2008).Noise pollution is also an issue to the environment. With more labor vehicles on the road, the noises created from the engine revolutions can be a nuisance to the environment. especially during traffic congestion, the noise level can be high and it may disrupt the concentration of ones mind.With fewer vehicles on the road through car sharing, the level to Carbon Monoxide (CO) will eventually be reduced, thus create lesser carbo n monoxide emitted to the environment.2.2.2 Less traffic congestionshttp//driving-in-singapore.spf.gov.sg/services/driving_in_singapore/images/information/traffic_statistics/fatality.jpg material body .1 Fatal and Injury Accident Rate Per 10,000 Vehicle Population (Source Singapore Police Force, 2013)Car-sharing helps to tame traffic because it reduces solo driving (Wang, 2011). According to the graph, Singapore has an increasing figure in vehicle population by 1.45% from 951,307 in 2011 to 965,192 in 2012 (Singapore Police Force, 2013). This is a great number for Singapore as our country is limited in land area and the increasing vehicle population creates more traffic congestions.Traffic congestion is an increasingly serious problem in many cities. For example United States, traffic tie-ups, especially during neb hours quantify, are estimated to cost the United States 1.2 one million million hours of lost time and 2.2 billion gallons of gasoline each year, to say nothing of th e estimated $30 billion annual loss in productivity alone (Katzev, 2013).Due to the increasing numbers of motor vehicles on the road, the danger faced by the road users, especially motorcyclists are still an issue. Despite last years drop in the fatal and injury accidents, there are still a significant number of deaths on our roads. The increase in the number of traffic rapes remains a concern as every traffic violation can potentially result in a fatal or injury accident and the loss of lives (Singapore Police Force, 2013).As an alternative measure of reducing the amount of vehicle population, car sharing can provide road users with a choice. Some of Singapore car sharing companies such as CarClub provides to their customers a wide variety of motor vehicles to favour from to issue for different kind of occasions (CarClub, 2013).Because the drivers of the car sharing scheme are charged accordingly to the amount of mileage logged, therefore drivers would plan their trip carefully in order to make unnecessary drive trips.The implementation of car sharing can also reduce the amount of motor vehicles on the road if 5 people sharing a car to the common destination rather than driving on personal motor vehicles.2.2.3 Reducing the cost of traveling to destinationlocomotion to a destination by private vehicles can be costly. With Singapore implemented ERP (Electronic Road Pricing), It will be expensive to travel to CBD area during peak hours by personal vehicles. In addition, the cost of parking in business towers in CBD area can be costly too.The cost of owning a private car can be a burden in Singapore. As the price of Certificate of Entitlement (COE) is hiking, a measure by the Singapore Government in order to maintain or reduce the amount of motor vehicles on the road, which can be costly. According to report, a price of a Cherry QQ in Singapore with COE can match up for a Porsche Boxster Black Edition in the US (AsiaOne, 2012) this shows how the soaring COE pr ice has morose the ownership of motor vehicle as a huge expenditure.Car sharing is different from rent a car from car rental, car sharing gives individuals access to a car for brief trips, in some cases as short as a half hour, charging only for the time and duration of each trip. In contrast, car rental companies charge the full daily rate, regardless of the duration or distance of travel. In addition, customers that rent a car must pay for the petrol cost required to fill the vehicles tank at the time it is returned, while the car-sharing companies pays all the costs of fuel, as well as insurance, vehicle maintenance, service, and repairs (Katzev, 2003).As car sharing scheme in Singapore, drivers can save amount money on the cost of owning a private motor vehicles including maintenance fees, annual road taxes and motor vehicle insurance payable. Car sharing not only offers to non-car owners the driving experience it has also offers a much cheaper alternative to travel to their de stination that in private motor vehicles.Car sharing has also provided Singapore a much cheaper alternative to travel than by taxi. Traveling by mode of taxi can be expensive. The rates and surcharges can add up to a high cost.Surcharges such as peak hour charges, midnight charges and location charges are included in different timing and location.Some of car sharing companies in Singapore such as CarClub provides to their customers with different price plans. CarClub comes with value plan and threadbare plan to put up to every customers needs. Value plan is cater for more for regular drivers whereas standard plan is cater more occasional drivers (CarClub, 2013). With different available price plans, drivers can choose the most appropriate plans to suit their driving relative frequency and save money. University students and low-income households also benefit from the flexibility and mobility that carsharing offers (Shaheen, North American car-sharing, 2008).With the tardily tig htening measure by the Singapore government, it has become more difficult for low and middle income group to purchase a private motor vehicle as buyers have to foot a down payment of 40 per cent or more for a new vehicle and have a maximum of five years to service their car loans (ChannelNewsAsia, 2013). Therefore, car sharing can be a more afford to the market for low and middle income groups.2.2.4 Better connectionCar sharing has provided users a better connection between different modes of transports, making it easier for the public to connect major transport nodes and therefore reducing the need to drive to their destination.Car sharing can provide better access to place where has limited access. For example, HDB residential area where the distance to the nearest public transport node is far away, it may be difficult for elderly or disabled people to travel.Motor vehicles in the car-sharing fleet are usually located close to the users residence, whereas those belonging to the r ental companies are parked in central areas or major transportation hubs. Finally, those who want to rent a vehicle are required to complete time-consuming paperwork before they can drive the vehicle, whereas car sharers need only phone or go online to reserve a vehicle prior to using it (Katzev, 2003)In Singapore, CarClub has offered their customers with over 60 HDB car parks around Singapore to pick up the vehicles and available on 24/7 which provides ease and convenience (CarClub, 2013).Who benefits from car-sharing?The last-ditch purpose of car-sharing are reducing the number of cars, increasing the efficiency of transport infrastructure and also changing behavior through alterations in mobility patterns. This has genuinely benefits to environment, social and government.2.3.1 Environment2.3.1.1 Creation a Potential for Better gauge of Life and Urban FormCar-sharing has proved its potential to reduce the disconfirming impacts of social and environment. Monitoring of air quali ty takes place at place around Singapore, and plays an important role in keeping the population up to date on haze conditions (National Environment Agency, 2013). Air emissions from the industries and motor vehicles are the two key sources of air pollution domestically (National Environment Agency, 2013). severally car-sharing vehicle can replace 4 privately owned vehicles (CarClub, 2013). Thus, car-sharing reduces the numbers of cars on the road fewer cars equal fewer emissions of greenhouse gases. This means less pollution decrease congestion on the road as well as reducing the amount of space used for parking and helps to regain space for environmental and other social uses.2.3.1.2 Reduction of CO Burden of TransportCar-sharing is a pay-as-you-drive transportation service introduced to build a sustainable and environmentally-friendly urban community. This service provides an incentive for people to use car less and instead use public transport, a bike or walk. People have a gre ater variety of transport options available to them as when deciding the best way to reach their destination. Commuting by public transportation reduces your carbon emissions by 20 lbs per day, 4,800 lbs per year, which is more than if you weatherized your home, reborn to fluorescent bulbs and replaced an old refrigerator, combined (PromotingPublic Transport, 2013).2.3.1.3 Reduction of Energy ConsumptionAn environmentally friendly car-sharing operator provides a wide range of vehicles to choose. They can choose different types of vehicles to fit their needs. Example, a small city car is usually most energy-efficient and less pollution an estate cars are likely to be necessary for family trips and a van may require for group travel. Users choose the vehicle type that best meets their needs for a particular trip. This benefits consumers, and may provide external benefits by reducing the use of oversized vehicles when small vehicles are adequate (Litman, 1999).2.3.2 SocietyCar-sharin g helps make communities more alive, attractive, safe, and less low-level on the private automobile, and contribute to a range of transportation, housing, economic development and social justice goals (City Car Share, 2013).2.3.2.1 Save Money and Go GreenCar-sharing is an ideal for people who only need a car from time to time and or when the need arises. By car-sharing scheme, people still can access to a private car without having responsibilities of ownership such as obtain a Certificate of Entitlement (COE), car insurance premium, car maintenance and repair costs, monthly installment, season car parking charges and road tax. In Singapore, 87% of members in NTUCs car-sharing co-op add up only 2,000km in distance operate each year, which is much less than average mileage of the average private car owner (Singapore Environmental Vision, 2013). Car sharing saves you money, its greener, more affordable, and less stressful than driving and paying for a car you dont even need anymor e (Cereplast, 2013).2.3.2.2 Provide MobilityCar-sharing provides access to a vehicle for low-income households and others without a car, service them to fully participate in the regions opportunities (CityCarShare, 2013). Low-income households may not be able to afford the expenses as a car ownership, thus public transport maybe their only option. Car-sharing can provide access for job interviews, serve as an emergency ride home, and meet the demand for occasional shop and leisure trips (CityCarShare, 2013). With car-sharing scheme, they are now financially possible to join, in turn improving mobility by providing access to a vehicle.2.3.2.3 Improves Commuting OptionsCar-sharing offers a commuter train option that may work better than other methods of transportation. With a car-sharing option, a public commuter is empowered to decide the best way to reach his or her destination, i.e. by bus, MRT, taxi or to drive a car (CSAS, 2013). Currently, there are about 300 car-sharing vehicl es located in over 100 locations in Singapore (Land Transport Authority, 2013). It is very convenient for users to access a car-sharing. Also, car-sharing provides the flexibility and convenience of a car when driving is a better choice compared to the buses, MRT or taxis.2.3.3 GovernmentTransport issues affect the average Singaporean in a very intimate manner.