Loneliness in Of Mice and men by John Steinbeck Essay Example for Free

L adeptliness in Of Mice and men by John Steinbeck stressOf Mice and Men, is a novel written by John Steinbeck in the 1930s. It is set in Salinas California and shows us what life was a desire(p) for migrant consorters at this time. The book was set in the time of the Ameri arouse belief caused by the W all in all Street Crash. In 1929 Steinbeck himself had taken on unskilled jobs to support himself for 7 eld from 1919. South Clara in Northern California was where Steinbeck worked as a farm laborer. It is from in that location that the scenery, setting and experiences of Steinbeck in Northern California hurt been etched into the novel Of Mice and Men. The book describes how l iodinly life can be. on that point are three different kinds of loneliness these implicate isolation, solitude and abandonment. George and Lennie are different from the other characters in the novel as they fix each other to sense of smell after them aint many guys travel about together. They hav e been colleagues from childhood and George has given and oath to Aunt Clara that he ordain look after Lennie. George and Lennie twain share the equal dream to own a piece of land that no-one will take outside from them. They each dedicate a sum of their wages towards the dream.The characters in this novel are all envious to some extent of the special friendship shared by George and Lennie because they do non have that in their life. All the characters are extremely lonely and un riant with their unrecordeds (except Slim, who is the only character that seems to be confident and happy with his life), and none of them can escape this unhappiness. Economic and social forces control them, and free will seems non-existent.Guys like us, that live on gapes, are the loneliest guys in the world. George means that if not for each other, then he and Lennie would be all alone, with no friends, like all the men like them, who are migrant workers moving from scatter to paste without mak ing any friends, and living a lonely life. George and his simple-minded friend Lennie dream, of a place to foreknow their own. The Dream represents a sense of freedom to George and Lennie as they will be their own bosses and can do as they please.Also the achieving of the dream will mean they will not have to travel and have a house which they can really call home. They will not have to wear their uniforms and will have more possessions than a migrant worker. George and Lennie are precise different, George is a smart and composed man, who seems to contract mental stimulation from a follower, which he cannot have in his kind with Lennie. Even though they have each other, they are still both lonely at a certain level, even if one does not clearly understand the other. The important thing is human contact and being there together. soulfulness who loses his best companion is candy. Candy is the rareest someone on the ranch. We can tell this when he mentions they are handout to fire him Theyll can me purty soon as well as by the boring jobs which he undertakes like sweeping the crush house, as he only has one hand, he is a liability. He is a very favourable person and knows the rules of the ranch, we see this when he says a guy on a ranch dont never discover nor he dont ast no questions. His life long companion presumably a sheep dog which he had since it was a pup, was prospect by Carlson, who was very persistent to take the dogs life as he did not like the charge it smelled I dont know nothing that stinks so bad as an old dog. Although pleading with Carlson I had him so long. Had him since he was a pup, I herded sheep with him the only choice Candy was offered was if he would want to flaunt the dog himself which he replied No I couldnt. I had im in addition long.Finally Candy had to let his companion go. The dog which was Candys comfort and enjoyment was now dead. As the gunshot went off in the distance all head in the billet house turned towa rds Candy to see the old mans reaction. For a import he continued to stare at the ceiling maybe remembering the happy memories he and his companion shared. Then he rolled slowly over and faced the wall and lay silent the same action a dog would do when going to sleep.All was not lost, overhearing George and Lennies dream he wanted to share it. He told George and Lennie about what they did to his dog that night maybe to try and win some compassion. You seen what they do to my dog tonight? They says he wasnt no good to himself or nobody else. When they can me here I wisht somebodyd shoot me. This shows Candy is nearing the end of his life at the farm. Being part of George and Lennies dream comforts Candy and would be an ideal way to spend the rest of his life free from worries. George and Lennie accepted him into their dream part due to the large sum of money which he had to contribute towards the dream. The dream was now becoming a reality.Crooks like Candy is an outcast because the society in which he resides is racist towards black sight. With a prat injury that gives Crooks his nickname he is more permanent than the other men, we can see this with the possessions he has which include several pairs of shoes, a pair of rubber boots, a big alarm clock and a angiotensin-converting enzyme barrelled shot-gun. Being alone has made Crooks very unsure about himself and bitterA guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. Dont matter no difference who the guy is, longs he with you. I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an he gets sick this was Crooks way of establishing a personal connection to Lennie. Like Lennie, Crooks has a relationship with loneliness. Crooks is rejected from every group of people and cannot socially interact with others, just like Lennie who cant socially interact properly because of his mental-disability.Cause Im black. They romance cards in there, but I cant play because Im Black. They say I stink. Well I tell you, you all stink to me Crooks loneli ness results from rejection others treat him below the belt because he is different from them given that he is black. Crooks isnt allowed to participate in daily events with white people such as card games. He is treated unfairly and therefore acts the same way toward the white people who have offended him. In an effort to communicate with the outside world in my opinion Crooks reads books there were battered magazines and a few dirty books on a special shelf over his bunk this shows they were well read, maybe even more than once.Crooks is fascinated by the strength of the friendship of Lennie and George, especially how tightfitting they are. Crooks said, Well, spose, jus spose he dont come back. Whatll you do then? Crooks asks these questions because he was curious and envious, about the friendship of Lennie and George, noticing that Lennie is retarded, he takes emolument of this situation to make him get better and ease the pain of having others reject him. He wants the peopl e to feel the way that he did when he was lonely, having no one.He is striving to achieve sympathy and understanding from others. Crooks would work for nothing if it meant communicating with others. He even offers his services to Candy to work on their dream ranch to join in on the friendship and dream shared by Lennie and George, in order to move over behind him his lonely life.Curleys Wifes loneliness is due to her husband. Even though Curleys married woman is mentioned frequently, nobody asks what her name is. null wants to utter her because people are afraid of Curley he is jealous and would start a fight with anyone who seek approaching her to a fault due to the fact that Curley is the bosss son and anyone who tried to do something could loose their job. She does not like Curley, and purely married him to spite her mother we can see this when she says I dont like Curley. He aint a nice fella. Furthermore he doesnt talk to her at all, and theres no one in her life with whom she can share her feelings, and longs for companionship. Candy influences views about Curleys wife in George by telling him Curleys married a tart. She pretends to look for her husband when she really wants to have a conversation with the men in the ranch as she is lonely.Curley treats his wife like a trophy insisting that she should spend all her time in the house. Curleys wife asks the rhetorical question, think I like to stick in that house alla time? showing her unhappiness. Curley does not oversee about his wife as he leaves her behind whenever he goes out and visits cat houses although he is married.Curleys wife talks to Lennie in chapter five as she knows she can share her secrets and worries without Lennie telling anyone else, due to his mental age. She also indicates she is going to run away as she talks in a hurry. Curleys wife is very open-eyed in the way she knows how Curleys hand was broken also in the way she finds the dead pup in the b. Curleys wife tells Lennie ab out the chances she had of being an actress and blames her misfortune on her mother. She shows that marrying Curley was her last chance to get away from home. by chance she was making up stories about her past as she looked closely to see if she was impressing Lennie. Curleys wife is a brat to Crooks as she threatens him with death by hanging if he stands up to her. In those days if a unilateral man was accused of something there would be no trial.Curleys wife is the one who ruins the dream as she let Lennie touch her hair and then resisted. She ended up getting killed which meant that Lennie would have to be killed as he committed murder. Her death could be thought of as a misfortune, but as a convinced(p) thing as well because it ended her suffering being the only woman in the ranch and having married a man like Curley she was inevitably destined for loneliness. But now that she is dead, she will not have to worry about being lonely ever again. Curleys wifes case of loneliness was the more or less prankish throughout the novel. She struggled in her society to find somebody that she could befriend in vain.We can draw a similarity between Candy and Crooks both of these characters have a physical disability (Candy has a one hand, and Crooks has a crooked back) both caused by an accident, as well as another factor Crooks wring and Candys old age, those factors make both of them outcasts. Because of their situation, they are both destined to loneliness, each of them deals with it in their own way Candy has his dog for companionship and makes conversation with the other men that work on the ranch, but Crooks turns towards books some other interesting similarity we can draw is the one between the relationship between George and Lennie, and Candy and his old dog. Both George and Candy are lonely, even though they have companionship Candy cannot talk to his dog, and George cant have a really serious conversation with Lennie either. Even though they have compan ionship, they need something deeper and more meaningful. It is also interesting to notice the similar fate of Candys dog and Lennie who will both be shot in the back of the head unsuspicious of what is going to happen.The last similarity drawn is between dickens of the loneliest characters in the novel Curleys Wife and Lennie. As weve seen previously, Curleys wife is the only woman in the novel, and her husband forbids her to talk to other men, and because of his jealousy, doesnt let other men approach her or else he picks a fight with them. George also gives orders to Lennie and strictly forbids him several times Dont even take a look at that bitch. I dont maintenance what she says and what she doesyou leave her be well, you keep away from her, they arent allowed to talk to each other, thats what makes the fatal scene in the barn so tragic Curleys wife wanted to talk to someone so bad, that it drove her to her death.One of the most important lessons we learn in Of Mice and Men is that friendship and human interaction are two very valuable things in life, and that having them is as much as a right as it is a privilege. We moldiness treasure these two things as it keeps us away from loneliness which is one of the worst things a person can suffer from highlighted by the characters in the book.

Game Theories Essay Example for Free

Game Theories EssayIn Game theories, Clive Thomson contrasts the differences and similarities between the real world and that of the gambling world, through his depiction and analysis of the economics in both environss. To further drive Thomsons insight, As a group we discussed two main points that atomic number 18 integral in understanding his perspective on the matter. One, the idea of an economical pure model, a scenario that is present in the free rein world as exclusively individuals are born equal.Two, corruption- the idea that venality exists, and can exist the same way in the gaming world. The human beings of both of these topics solidifies Thomsons claims and can be explored through various examples and scenarios. As Smith states, people inherently prefer a free market and the ability to rise above others, a market that is non-existent as the world offers no truly level playing field. As individuals, we are born into an unpredictable environment that varies immen sely between people.Whether the variation occurs in status, finance or cultural demographic, its impossible to get to a baseline where we can interpret all as equal. Capital was inherently unfair and those with personnel would abuse it, thus there is no pristine world that exists. However, the gaming world offers individuals with the opportunity to contract as equals. There is no advantage to birth in this surreal world, and thus creating the worlds first egalitarian polity. This ideal world is enjoyed by the millions of gaming fanatics who enjoy the undoing of all the inequities in conjunction, something which can only be dreamt about in our world today. Ironically, the corruption that exists in our reality is in like manner mirrored in the gaming community. Players can create businesses within the support, whether clean or dirty, a histrion can acquire currency through their endeavours. For example, certain individuals within the highly popular simulation game called The Si ms Online, a player developed a chain of brothels which led to sizeable profit in gaming currency.Another created a mafia that had the ability to red flag other players and eventually push them to be blacklisted leaving them isolated from other fellow gamers. Through the gaming worlds creation of an egalitarian polity we are shown the existence of an economic pure model in a surreal environment. Corruption that exists in society today is also equally present in the gaming world, that which is produced by the player. Both of these topics were openly discussed and apply to further empower Thomsons contrast of both worlds.

Beneficial of team work

just of squad workComing together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is supremacy. henry FordI individual either toldy feel that squad work is almost totally beneficial to an cheek and also to its members. Researchers suggest that individuals ar better than aggroups at generating new ideas, but the squads are better than individuals at evaluating ideas. Before advancing into the argument, allow us first try to understand what does the term Team in reality mean and in turn to understand it we should figure show up what does a Group mean. A assembly is a collection of two or more the great unwashed who often adjudge a reckon to face interaction among themselves and work in an interdependent manner in revise to achieve their general goals.As menti unrivalledd by Katzenbach Smith, a aggroup up is an extraordinary form of a formalised group. He states that a squad consists of a small number of people who all are committed to serve a comm on purpose and achieve their performance goals. It generally operates with a common approach and the people in it are always mutually accountable.Having got an idea of what a group really means, now let us try to get a pinch of whatever of the issues that are being faced by them. The following(a) should be taken care for the proper functioning of a team,A pleasant atmosphere should be maintained within it and all its members should sustain a good relationship among themselves.All the members should be do to actively participate in the team.The members should all be do aware and also accept their team goals the up to date trainings should be shared among them.If any misunderstanding arises in the team, they should be resolved as and when possible.Since finale making holds a higher degree of importance, all the team members must be made to participate in it.Performance evaluation should be carried out frequently.Labour should be equally split among all the members and they sho uld be attached the freedom to express their cin one caserns.In order for the team work to be beneficial to an organisation and its employees the practise of it should be made efficient enough. The effectiveness of such a team could be inflexible by factors like its design, overall composition and the do byes it follows whereas Hackman suggests three different criterias for assessing a teams effectiveness. Firstly, it is the true(a) output of the team. Secondly, the entire team should work as a performing unit. Thirdly, each member of the team should be satisfied with the experience of working in it.As already stated now let us study in detail some(predicate) the various factors that contributes to the effective working of a team. struggleThere are some factors which intensifies the quantity of effort the members of the team disburse on carrying out the given task,Work DesignThe motivating factor of the team very much relies on its work design. Hackman states that a higher deg ree of effort is achieved from the team only if the task they perform is found to be challenging, has a major impact on the organisation or its clients, is totally owned by the team and if it gives out regular feedback on the team members performance.Reward SystemEfforts will be higher if there is a reward system in aim. It provides the team with challenging objectives and emphasizes their accomplishment. Hence it directly paves way for the team members evolution and indirectly precautions the organisations augmentation.Knowledge and SkillThe members of the team should be both skilfully as come up functionally competent. The effective performance of a team mainly depends on the resources (Knowledge and Skill) it possesses in order to nab the given farm out. The factors that should be taken care are,Team CompositionA teams composition is mainly determined by the level of expertise it has pertaining to the performing task. But normally the teams composition is determined either by seniority or by somebodyal predilections instead of taking into account the ability or the technical expertise it possesses.Team SizeThough many teams in an organisation tend to be large, it does not paves way for the effective functioning of the team. The major issue being that if the number of members in a teams increases indeed the degree of interaction within the team decreases to a greater extent. In addition some people will start finding it difficult to devote their contributions. As stated by Handy, the first and for the first time reason for the above is that a tendency would start arising for those who make huge contributions to employ most define and vice versa. The second factor being that the people who are devoid of their contribution could deny the team of their relevant knowledge and skills.Performance StrategiesHackman states that a team would almost employ a task attach performance strategy based on the following three conditions,Firstly, the concern about the amount of information available for the team members to be made use while assessing their performance. Secondly, the concern is about the interaction that takes place within the team members which in turn encourages them to make use of the information available. The teams before getting into the literal must do some pre-work to figure out what the work is all about and the work out which they should employ. Thirdly, the team interaction not only paves way for newer ideas but also helps the team to no get deviated from the strategic implementation of their ideas. In spite of taking good care during some instances there seems to be some deviation from the chosen approach, which in turn is mainly due to the lacking of quality in the decision making process.Decision MakingOne of the major factors pursued by a team in order to achieve good results both for the organisation and its members is the Decision Making. All the members of the team should be actively made to participate i n the decision making process. Biasing is an important factor that arises during the decision making process. The one being the general biasing where even though there seems to be an abundance of information across all the team members, it is always some peoples voice which could be heard in the decision making process owing to their seniority. The second kind of biasing is called the Epistemic Freezing, which means the team tends to come up with an opinion and once it is shaped up it is left all alone i.e., it is literally let to freeze out.The teams normally make accurate decisions when compared to the individuals. There are two reasons to support it. Firstly, when all the members of the team are brought together they all in turn bring about a diversity of knowledge and information which could not be obtained from a single person. Secondly, there would be different approaches by different kinds of people in a team for the problem in progress.The teams should comprise of a good mi x of people in order to make the decision making process effective. It should have a combination with different levels of experiences in the problem they are dealing with. The status of the team members should never be considered in the decision making process, this is because the members with a higher status always try to have some amount of influence on the teams resolvent to the given problem which in some scenarios could be wrong.There are number of techniques for performing the decision making process in a team. Some of them are as follows,BrainstormingA team of about five to ten people sit together and discuss for about an hour about the issues on which they need to generate newer ideas. It is normally the lead person who initiates the meeting. The entire conversation between the team members are recorded for later assessment.Delphi TechniqueThe actual face to face interaction among the team members does not takes place. Initially each member of the group writes down his idea s and solutions to the reported problem, which are then updated in a common database.Each member of the team are then sent a copy of the opposite members contributions and are all expected give out their comments for the same. The above process is repeated until the team arrives at a common solution.Stages of Team DevelopmentThere are five stages in the take aimment process of a team. The teams though often keep changing the order of development owing to the constant spay of members in it.FormingThe actual formation of the team takes place in this stage. The team interacts and learns about the challenges and agrees on their goals. This is considered as the most important stage as the basic interaction between the team members takes place here.StormingThe team argues about the different ideas that are to be considered. Since all the team members actively participate, this stage is considered necessary for the offshoot of the team.NormingThe team members start to adjust each sepa rates behaviour and make work to seem more inhering and free flowing. They agree on each others rules working methods and ideas. A sense of mutual trust begins to develop among them.PerformingThe teams begin to perform their tasks as unit without any supervision. The members of the team tend to be bring forth interdependent, motivated and knowledgeable. In this stage the team members care of the decision making processes by themselves.A teams success not only depends on its members but mainly on the kind of draw it has. A leader is one who guides as well as acts with his team to achieve their objectives. A good team should have leader who could portray different working styles and also be able to recognise the strengths of his team members as well as tolerate their weakness. Also an excellent team should not be stuck with the one person as its leader all the time.Team BuildingTeam are often found to be more cohesive. The factors that add on to it are,The Common TaskTeams always p erform as closely tie unit since they work for achieving a common goal. This unified approach leads to a greater degree of cooperation and job satisfaction among its members which in turn helps the organisation to give out its deliverables at a faster rate. communionWhen there is a better level of communication among the team members, they begin to help each other and make themselves to get a grip on all the processes. Hence communication paves way for the team to start working as an organised unit.SizeThe team should only have a utmost of 10-12 members. Increases in the number of members tend to have an adverse on the performance of the team.Belbin has suggested eight roles that could be apply while building a team. They are,Company WorkersA person who is hard working and self disciplined. He has good organising ability and is also pretty dutiful.ChairpersonA person who has good idea about his team objectives. He is almost confident, calm and treats everyone in the team fairly. He is not all biased.manufacturing businessAs the name indicates he is the person who challenges and corrects all kinds of deficiencies that is prevalent in the team.PlantA person with higher degree of individualism and with radiant imagination and intellectual capabilities.Resource InvestigatorSomeone who comes up with newer ideas and solutions for the reports problems. He communicates well with all his team members.Monitor EvaluatorSomeone having good judgemental capabilities and a matter-of-fact attitude towards work.Team WorkerHe is always calm in nature and interacts with others and induces team drift among them.Completer-FinisherAn anxious person who follows order in each and everything he does and has a obsession towards perfection.Though team work always ends up in success, there are some scenarios which could result for its failure,If there are not enough knowledgeable peopleConflicts between the members of the team owing to the portrayal of different charactersincapablen ess of some to perform their assigned tasksConstant changing of the roles of the members within the teamLack of basic ethos to aid the team growth by the organisation

Anatomy and Physiology Case Study

Anatomy and Physiology grounds StudyCase 1 A 60 course of study octogenarian slice with long-standing fictional character II diabetes that has been untreated with insulin is admitted to the hospital after reporting noticeably melodyy urine. Bilaterally, he has no thumbing in the bottoms of his feet and decreased sensitivity mid-shin, while sensation at the knees is normal. Upon examination the clinician notices that the unhurrieds lenses atomic number 18 cloudy, and the longanimous of is having a difficult time reading his admissions paperwork. The patients daub hug is also elevated.why business leader this patient acquit descent in his urine? The patient may be suffering from a bladder or kidney infection.What other abnormalities would typically be put together in such a patients urinalysis? Urinalysis may orient luxuriously Blood Sugar.What is create the bilateral desensitization of the lower limbs? It is possible that the patients diabetes is not controlled d o damage to the restiveness and hardening of the arteries which stinkpot cause decreased sensation and poor blood circulation in the feet.Why be this patients lenses cloudy? The patient may be suffering from glaucoma, or cataracts.Why mogul this patient have difficulty reading his admissions papers? The patient may be suffering from Presbyopia, in which the lens of the eye drowse offs its ability to focus, making it difficult to regard up close.How is the elevated blood pressure relate to the other symptoms? H causes all these symptoms so there is a chance that the high blood level may be the problem of why there was urine in the blood, numbness, and vision impairment.Case 2 Julie Turner, a 27 year old non-pregnant female, has grown increasingly anxious about changes in both her behavior and body recently. She consults her medico and complains of insomnia, gastrointestinal instability, feeling excited, and weight loss. She also reports that even though she has lost weight, her double chin has not gone away. Upon examination, the physician notes that, while not pronounced, Julies eye seem larger, and her reflexes are excitable. The physician decides to send Julie to an endocrinologist for a consultation.What does an endocrinologist specialize in? Diagnose and treat sicknesss related to internal secretions. watch hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism or Overactive Thyroid, is a narrow in which the thyroid secreter makes too much thyroid hormone.Which of Julies signs an symptoms are compatible with hyperthyroidism? Weight lossDoes Julie show signs and symptoms specific to Graves disease? Yes, Graves disease actually causes approximately hyperthyroidism.Why might Julie be sourly thinking she has a double chin? Julie may be mistaken by the detail that her double chin is actually her swollen thyroid.What is the doctor concerned with when they notices that Julie has large eye? Julie may be tired and not getting enough rest.If Graves disease is confirmed, w hat is the most likely treatment? First beta blockers will be prescribed and once all the results are confirmed they will either give Julie Radioactive iodine or Anti-thyroid medicine.Case 3 George is a 50 year old macrocosm that had a severe motorcycle accident 12 historic period ago. As a result of the accident, George had one kidney and part of his small intestine removed because they were hemorrhaging. Immediately next recovery, George had some weight loss that he was told to expect because of malabsorption caused by having his intestine removed. George has never returned to work payable to his injuries, and mostly sits in spot and watches TV and reads. Recently, however, George broke his wrist trying to catch himself from falling. When he was examined, he was told that his bone up had become weak.Define osteopenia and osteoporosis. Which does George seem to have? Osteopenia refers to bone mineral density (BMD) that is lower than normal solar apex BMD but not low enough t o be classified as osteoporosis.Osteoporosis is a progressive disease that causes bones to become thin and brittle, making them more likely to break. George seems to have Osteoporosis.What is the most common type of fracture of the wrist in a person of Georges age?excuse how Vitamin D, calcidiol, and calcitriol are synthesized? Calcidiol, or 25-hydroxyvitamin D, is the main storage form of vitamin D, Low calcidiol levels in the blood indicate a vitamin D deficiency, which ignore lead to weak bones. Your kidneys convert calcidiol into calcitriol, or 1, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, the active form of vitamin D that promotes calcium absorption.How could Georges absentminded kidney be related to his decreased bone strength? The lack of vitamin D and calcium absorption which having a vitamin D deficiency will cause bone weakness.How could Georges partial small intestine be related to his decreased bone strength? It could decrease the calcium you eat from being absorbed into your blood causing your blood calcium to become and stay low.If George has a decreasing density of his bones collectable to his previous injuries, what is the classification of his condition? George is suffering from Osteoporosis.Could Georges lack of time outside be a factor in his weak bones? Its part of one of the factors the other is based on the fact of George laying around and not doing anything which is causing his bones to weaken.Case 4 Pete is a 250 lb man that played 15 years of professional football. Pete quit football at that age of 38 when his hips and knees became too painful to play. He has assay to manage the pain with OTC antiinflammatory drugs for the past times 20 years. Now 58 years old, Pete has a severe limp on his right side and gone to the doctor in hopes to get stronger pain medication. His general doctor orders X-rays, which reveal bilateral dwindling of both hip and knee joints. The right acetabulum shows bony projections extending toward the femoral vanguard.What does P ete suffer from? Pete is suffering from Osteoarthritis.What are Petes risk factors? Osteoarthritis causes the machinetilage in a joint to become stiff and lose its elasticity, making it more susceptible to damage. As the cartilage deteriorates, tendons and ligaments stretch, causingpain. If the condition worsens, the bones could rub against each other.Explain whether or not the 20 years of OTC antiinflammatory medications has really helped anything? OTC may have helped with the splashiness and mild pain but thats as far as they help.What are the bony projections of the acetabulum called? The acetabulum is the socket of the ball-and-socket hip joint. The top of the thigh bone (femur) forms the ball, and the socket (acetabulum) is part of the pelvic bone.Does Pete need to see an orthopaedic surgeon, or can the general doctor treat Petes condition? Pete would have to go see an Orthopedic Surgeon for his grapheme.Is Pete a candidate for joint replacement surgery? One of the alternat ives Pete may expect to look into is Total hip Arthroplasty (THA) is one of the most successful surgical interventions that leads to improvement in quality of life and provides significant improvements in both pain and function.Case 5 A 67 year old African-American male presents to his family physician for a checkup. It has been more than 5 years since his last checkup. A thorough examination including a digital rectal examination and invoice is unremarkable for a man of his age. The physician orders some(prenominal) different blood tests, including a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level.Why would a physician order several blood tests for a person with no apparent problems? PSA is detected through a mans blood and also the patient has not been to a checkup for 5 years.Does this man have any risk factors for anything in particular? Yes, he is at risk of prostate cancer.What is a digital rectal exam used to test for? The Rectal exam helps to detect growths or enlargements of the prostate secretory organ in men.Why is a PSA level an important test for this man? This exam measures the get along of prostate-specific antigen in the blood.What would an elevated PSA level indicate? Elevated levels would mean inflammation of the prostate gland or prostate cancer.If this man has elevated PSA, how would it be treated? Depending on the level that the test comes butt a urine test may be provided to check for a UTI that may be causing the levels to be elevated if not a biopsy may be suggested to confirm if and where the cancer is.Case 6 A 26 year old women presents at the clinic with a complaint of infertility. She and her husband have tried unsuccessfully for over one year. She reports irregular menses since menarche at age 13. She has never been pregnant, and has always had knocker smears. She reports at least a dozen sexual partners and was treated for gonorrhea 6 years ago. He husband has had normal semen analysis results.What are the risk factors for female in fertility? Irregular menstrual cycle, age, can be risk factors as well as sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea can cause fallopian tube damage.Which of these risk factors may be involved in this case? In this case Gonorrhea is the biggest risk factor.What hormone levels would be appropriate to ascertain?If the problem is a pituitary body hormone imbalance, which hormone(s) might be involved? The hormone Hyposecretion would be involved.If the problem is an ovarian hormone imbalance, which hormone(s) might be involved? Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome PCOS is a disruption in communication between the brain, the pituitary gland and the ovaries. PCOS is characterized by irregular or lack of ovulation, irregular or lack of menstrual periods.Define pelvic inflammatory disease. Pelvic inflammatory disease is a general term for infection of the womb lining, fallopian tubes, or ovaries.If a pelvic exam is performed and PID is involved, what might be noticed? Tenderness and maybe a l ump next to the uterus may be noticed.How might laparoscopy be useful for a definitive diagnosis? It will give a clearer picture of the abdomen and pelvis.Case 7 A 21 year old female presents to the ER complaining of lethargy, a stiff neck, and a headache. initial examination reveals a high grade fever, sensitivity to light, and withdrawal from neck flexion. A history uncovers that she is a daycare worker and many students have been absent recently.What do the symptoms suggest? The Symptoms suggest that the female has Meningitis.Is this patient at particular risk for the suggested illness? People of any age can get meningitis, but because it can be easily spread among those living in close quarters, teens, college students, and boarding-school students are at high risk for infection.What test needs to be done? Laboratory tests and a possible spinal anaesthesia pick apart will be done.How is this test performed? Taking a needle and collecting a sample of spinal fluid from the lumba r.What are the two most likely microorganisms to be found with the test from question 3? This test will show any signs of inflammation and whether a virus or bacteria is causing the infection.Does the daycare need to be notified? Yes immediately and any children that may be exposed or feel like they are sick should seek professional care right away.Case 8 A 68 year old African-American male is transported to the ER with rapid onset left sided weakness. He was watering his lawn when he suddenly dropped the hose and fell to the ground. His speech was slurred when EMS personnel arrived. The man has a history of high blood pressure and hypercholesterolemia. His exam shows left facial areflexia and drooping. CT scan of the head shows no hemorrhage.What is the diagnosis? Ischemic StrokeWhat is the likely location of the pathology in this instance? Location would be in his brain.What are the risk factors for this condition? Hypercholesterolemia, high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation dia betes, family history of stroke, age, and race might all be factors.What are the possible mechanisms of pathology in this case? Possible mechanisms of pathology are Thrombotic Stroke and embolic Stroke.Which is the more likely mechanism of the pathology in this case? The Thrombotic Stroke is more likely.What is the underlying problem in this case? Hypercholesterolemia and Blood Pressure are the underlying problem.How did the underlying problem lead to this concomitant? High blood pressure and hypertension can lead to thickening of the arterial walls making the race way narrow.Case 9 A 36 year old man is seeing his physician because he is becoming increasingly weak. He reports that the weakness progresses throughout the day. He has a desk job and can hardly keep his eyes open and head up by the end of the day. Other history is unremarkable. Cranial nerve examination shows weak facial muscularitys, inability to repeat movements, and bilateral ptosis. The patients shoulders droop wi th a very poor posture.What is the likely diagnosis? visual MyastheniaWhat is the pathogenesis of this disease? Ocular Myasthenia is a disease of the neuromuscular junction resulting in hallmark variability in muscle weakness and fatigability.What other deficits might present if untreated? If left untreated it may cause abrupt respiratory failure.Why do the symptoms seem to worsen later in the day? Symptoms seem worse later in the day due to physical activity throughout the day. Symptoms arent as ruinous once the person has rested.What other conditions should be ruled out? Early symptoms can be split with Psychiatric disorders.What treatment should be sought? A blood test measuring antibodies to acetylcholine receptors 80-90 percent of Myasthenic mass show these antibodies in their blood.Case 10 Tim and Leanne are rushed to the hospital after a car accident. Tim was driving as the car was hit in the driver side door. He preserve a broken humerus from the direct impact. His arm was immobilized and he is resting in his room. Leanne, who was in the front passenger seat sustained a ruptured spleen and quartette adjacent broken ribs on the left side. Her wounds are from striking the philia console of the car. She is in the ICU with her chest wrapped.What are the factors that affect wound production? The wound-healing process consists of four highly integrated and overlapping phases hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling or resolutionWhich factor is the main difference causing Tim and Leanne to have such different injuries? The main factor that causes the difference in injury here is the fact the driver side door was the one hit in the accident.What is the mechanism that caused the rupturing of Leannes spleen? Leanne in love the middle console of the car.What is the name of the condition in which several adjacent ribs is broken? Flail federal agencyDue to her broken ribs, what is Leanne at risk of developing? Rib StressIf Leannes lun g is bruised, what other condition may develop? Leanne may develop a pulmonary contusion or bleeding of the lungs.

Adolescents Influence In Family Decision Making Social Work Essay

Adolescents Influence In Family Decision Making Social die hard EssayAbstractThis study examines the perceptions and behaviour of Adolescents run in family termination making in incompatible family destiny and what products be much bendd by the boor much than the adults. The research findings ar based on several(predicate) journal articles that show how much power sisterren get to in the determination making functioning based on antithetical fractions of the family perceptions and how they get their pass across on what they want with calculuss or solely on their own. In terms of family events single- raise and tread-families be increasing in todays society comp atomic subdue 18d to inviolate families. Its now non unusual for parents to divorce and move on with psyche else. This will ex whizrate an impact on the nippers routine in family get finis making. Being a child in a single-parent family paint a pictures that they drive home much(prenomina l) power in the ho drophold whereas being a fraction of an whole family prat cause disruption as in that location are many people to please in that household. However, in many circumstances the parents perceptions do not always agree with the childs opinion. A amount of explanations and examples for this are given.IntroductionFor a long time, Adolescents film played an all- substantial(prenominal) role throughout family bargain for conclusivenesss, with their capability to pretend an impact to directly and indirectly work the conclusions families make when purchasing products. (Thomson, Laing, McKee, 2007). This is ramble into practice throughout whole different types of families, whether it is an intact family of 4, a family three-base hit, a single parent family of 1 or a mix matched family making it a quality-family. This means the perceptions on adolescent puzzle out in decisiveness making depend on what family the child belongs to. Adolescent behaviour is also of import when the child makes an input into the finalitys of corrupt making. Coalition being the behaviour type authors focused on as children recognized a frequent need for a purchase between more than one family member and in the end created a coalition (Thomson, Laing, McKee, 2007). These include different members of the family working together with the child in severalise to make a stronger invite on family conclusions whether it is a parent or a sibling. Children hence play a neighborhood in family decision making no matter how big or downhearted and the products in question can vary from groceries to holidays. Junk foods, toys, kids habilitate and accessories for nurture are a few of the significant products that children convey been know to go through a strong work out on. (Mangleburg T. F., 1990). Research on how much becharm children perk up on certain products will also be explored.Childrens deportment -When and how do they captivate purchasing?Chi ldren constitute a huge junior-grade market by influencing family purchases (McNeal, 2008). As soon as children stand establish the concept of using communication skills to make demands, they are then more involved in making an enchant in family decision making. (Furnham, 1998), demo that from the moment they can talk, they will automatically suck up an ferment on buy highlighting the fact that children are becoming a pro raise part to the family decision making process on purchases at an archaean age. The most important behaviour for a child when they set decision making is the use of knowledge and tuition. When contemplating child purchase power, research shows that this is cognize as a uniting topic (Thomson, Laing, McKee, 2007). To get a child to participate in the decision stage of get, knowledge is a enormous source as it points out the cleverness or experiences that the children aim when a purchase is carried out by a family (Thomson, Laing, McKee, 2007). In formation is also important as it shows whether the child knows about the products in question or not. fellowship and Information is a significant role in honourableifying the childs choice of products and is the main factor on how they mould on the buying stage. Parents can watch whether the childs reasons are enough to buy the product in question through their knowledge and information. Studies show that lots of parents encourage the use of knowledge and information and are foreseen characteristic of somewhat family decision making (Thomson, Laing, McKee, 2007).How do coalitions run into adolescents decision on purchasing?Coalition behaviour involves at to the lowest degree two members of a family to get together to form an alliance to decide the end decision of a purchase within a family. This process is often termed majority rule (Pearson, 1989). Majority rule may moderate a large impact than just the childs square off in that locationfore a child may form a coaliti on with an otherwise family member to make their influence admit more of an impact on the lowest decision of the purchase. However, on that point have been authors that convey this as lousy behaviour. (Sheth, 1974) and (Belch et al. 1980) tangle that coalition would be few and far in between. Coalitions can educe in different forms Mother and child, Father and child or if there is more than one child, siblings could get together. This can benefit the child as one parent might be easily persuaded into giving the child what they want and more understanding of the childs needs. It was distinguished that a significant number of coalitions occurred between mothers and daughters than mothers and sons concluding that when the same-sex members of a family unite to influence a decision on a product that they have more power than what different-sex members would (Beatty Talpade 1994). This would suggest that daughters had more chance of having a stronger influence in the family househol d compared to sons when they two wanted to impel their mother of purchasing a product.Family Triads Should the child have an input?Before buying products for any family, there is a decision making process that they must think about in order to survey to a concluding decision on what to purchase if they have children. This involves three stages of decision making gathering information, negotiating within the family and the overall decision on what to buy. Family triads are found to disagree in their perceptions of adolescent influence on two a wide selection of products and general influence in family decision processes. Mothers, fathers and children all, however agree that children have some influence in purchase decisions for a variety of products. Previous research has put forward the fact that two family members can disagree in evaluating purchase decision influence (Burns Hopper 1985). Each member of the family triad had different opinions on how much power the child actua lly has when deciding on purchasing a product in studies shown in the Journal of Consumer Research. discover of 161 families from North Western Towns, The children themselves agreed that they have influence when shopping with parents, suggesting stores, brands and products, compensable attention to new products and larn the best buy. Mothers and Fathers also agreed to some extent that the child had general influence on these factors when buying products. However, suggesting the scathe was one of the factors that all three members of the family agreed that the child does not have influence on the price of products (Foxman, Tansuhaj, Ekstrom, 1989). This concludes that not altogether does the children themselves think they have influence throughout the decision making process on products and the other members of the family also agree that children should have their say. Overall, family members regarding adolescent purchase decision influence came to the conclusion that Families that agreed on the same level of childrens influence had older fathers, a concept-oriented family communication style, less children, and a mother who was a housewife. This would suggest that a family triad let their child have more influence than a family with more children would.Other family types does the child have more power in a single-parent family?There are different types of families where a child can influence on family decision making when buying products. Family triads are one but there are also single-parent and step families. Intact families can also have more than one child meaning there are more children to have an influence on the decision making. There has been a growth in rapid companionable change over the years where parents are divorcing, children are living with only one of their parents or living with people that are from another family referable to one of the parents falling in love with someone else. The more a family has differences, the more likely th ey will have to face voicelessies when making important decisions as consumers (cf. Rindfleisch, Burroughs, and Denton 1997). Children gain their knowledge and information through events such as going to school, eating out and technology. However, their family members are one of the most important sources a child could possibly have through their period of consumer learning (Moschis and Churchill 1978 Moschis and Moore 1979 Ward 174). This contributes to the fact that children grow up surrounded by their family accordingly they learn from their mothers, fathers or an older sibling. Depending on what family type the child belongs to, there will be a different level of how much influence they have. Studies (Darley and Lim 1986) show that children in single-parent families had greater influence in a family junket decision than did children in dual-parent families, but did not ascertain between intact and step-families. If a child has to convince two parents, it may be difficult as t hey will both have different opinions on products or will have the same opinion which will overrule the child, therefore a childs influence in a single-parent household will be much stronger as there are less people to convince and the bond between the child and parent will be stronger as they have went through certain circumstances to end up on their own. Two parents can join forces to back up each other when they dont agree with the childs influence when purchasing a product (Mangleburg, Grewal, Bristol, 1999). This will make the childrens influence weaker compared to the single-parent household which appears to be much stronger. A single-parent household is seen as the family type to let the child have a stronger influence on decision making when purchasing products as the child only has one parent to do their parental duties which means the parent will have weaknesses in parental control and find it difficult to be the imprint all the time meaning the child will have more inde pendence and equal rights to influence to balance out the family (Dornbusch et al. 1985 Hetherington 1988 Thomson, McLanahan, and Curtin 1992). Family type does have an impact on adolescents influence on decision making and specifically, children in single-parent families had greater influence in both types of decisions as compared with children in step families and intact families (Mangleburg, Grewal, Bristol, 1999).Products children have more influence onJunk foods, toys, kids clothes and accessories for school are a few of the main products that children have been known to have a strong influence on (Mangleburg T. F., 1990). This information suggests that children have more power over products and services that they will be experiencing themselves as children tend to have more of an influence in product subsections that are most significant to the children themselves (Beatty and Talpade, 1994). Contrasting, children dont have much of an influence on decision making for products that are big-ticket(prenominal) and not used only by the child (Foxman et al.,1989a, 1989b). Expensive items such as cars, TVs and furniture are not influenced as much by children as these as more valuable buys. The adults of the household feel they have more influence on bigger products that will affect the whole of the family. Studies from the Journal of Consumer Research (Foxman, Tansuhaj, Ekstrom, 1989) back this up as out of 161 families from North Western Towns, Both the parents and children feel that the parents should have more say overall on products such as residence computers, cars, furniture and cable TV. It appears that children do have a strong influence when it comes to decision making in the family based on purchasing products. However, the childs influence on certain products is weaker than the parents due to the price and who uses the product. Although some research has found next to nothing child influence for bigger, family buys, others have found higher(pre nominal) levels of influence than was foreseen by earlier research ( Foxman Tansuhaj 1988 Lee and Beatty 2002). Family holidays and events that see the family come together to have fun are other purchase decisions that children can play a part in influencing (Mangleburg T. F., 1990). These products are seen as expensive and a treat for all the family, this shows that some authors may find that children dont have much influence on expensive products whereas others will find children do have influence on products more expensive than clothes and food. market shopping within different familiesIt has been proven that children have more influence on food shopping than expensive buys in the last section of this brush up. It has also been proven that children have different levels of influence in different family types whether it is a single-parent or dual-parent family. Studies show even though children have a strong influence on purchasing food, the level of influence differs depending on what family the child belongs to. Children in single-parent families are more likely to take part in family tasks, such as going shopping than other children do in bigger families with their parents relationship still intact. (Weiss 1979 Taylor, Glynn, and Taylor 1985 Peters 1985). This would suggest that the child in the single-parent family will participate more in influencing what is bought for the grocery shop compared to the dual-parent family where there are more people to influence what is bought.Summary and conclusionAdolescents influence the decision making process in the family when purchasing products. However, there are different levels of influence and this depends on what family type the child belongs to as this has an military issue on how the parents relationship with the child helps or hinders on how much influence the child has when the decision making process is being done when buying new products differing from groceries, clothes and holidays. The review help ed come to the conclusion that the most important behaviour for a child when they influence decision making is the use of knowledge and information. Knowledge and Information is a significant role in justifying the childs choice of products and is the main factor on how they influence on the buying stage. It has been discovered that a childs influence solely on their own against both parents can sometimes be overruled by the parents. This is when the child forms a coalition to get more support to gain a stronger influence on the decision making process It was distinguished that a significant number of coalitions occurred between mothers and daughters than mothers and sons concluding that when the same-sex members of a family unite to influence a decision on a product that they have more power than what different-sex members would (Beatty Talpade 1994). This review suggested that different family types determined the level of influence the child had, this included single-parent fami lies, triad families and step families. However, mothers, fathers and children all agreed that children play a part in influencing a number of products in purchase decisions (Foxman, Tansuhaj, Ekstrom, 1989). Products that children have more influence on were also researched. Findings suggest that products that are actually used by the child themselves and not expensive were found to be the products children had more influence on whereas children have been found to have less influence on decisions making for products that are more expensive and are not just used by the child themselves (Foxman et al.,1989a, 1989b). Grocery shopping is another pigeonholing of products that children have influence on and the level of influence depends on what family type they belong to. It was found that children belonging to the single-parent family have more influence than children in a dual-parent family. Overall there are different levels of influence a child has when the family are making decis ions and it all depends on family types, children behaviour and the products in question.

Since X Ray Was Discovered Health And Social Care Essay

Since X Ray Was sight Health And Social C argon EssaySince roentgenogram was discovered by Roentgen in 1895, its medical application has grown to be a fast and dynamic imagination modality. Todays imaging dep cheatment consists of an impressive infract of symptomatic and therapeutic devices from roentgen ray machines, CT S fucking, PET S provoke, linear accelerator, which principally use ionizing radiation for diagnosing and treatment of illnesses and with the addition of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging that use sound waves and magnets for diagnosis instead of x-rays. Thus, radiology is considered as the windowpane of the healthcargon institution and the radiologic railroad engineers be the individuals behind these verbalize-of-the art machines.In the x-ray department, genius of the divisions of radiology department, the x-ray machines are used for diagnoses of illnesses. For 100 old age the pack-screen remains has been the imaging body of resource. This sy stem uses radiographic film, screen and fuddled chemistry to generate an icon just like formulaic photography. e real RTs goal is to provide high fibre figs for accurate diagnosis thence separately step is very critical. The RT must be equipped with cognition and skills from anatomy, positioning and characterisation proficiencys. One slight mistake can expose the shape and yields an un pleasur satis elementy radiograph which entails fictionalize examination that originally style additional radiation superman to the patient. This is one of the disadvantages of a film-screen system wherein once the film has been processed there is no way to alter it. What you infer is what you get. Fortunately, with the growing engineering science of imaging modalities came the introduction of digital imaging which none the same concept as digital cameras wherein brightness and furrow of the part can be changed and stunt mans can now be cropped. Its advantage compared to film-scr een is very obvious, since assures can be altered, repeat examinations, often meters is no longer incumbent.The technology is superb and its debut has grown the curiosity of every RT whether it is efficient compared to the traditionalistic system. And of anatomy, it is. However, as with every separate technology has its drawback. Since the new technology primarily uses computer and computer-aided equipments often times do the entire job. The question lies wherein forgeting the competency of the RT in cost of pictorial matter technique cistrons be same as development the conventional way?Several international studies stated that because of the widget of the system, the RTs victimisation the machine oftentimes fail to consider the exemplar protocols in every technique selection because images can be manipulated later. Alteration of images from time to time should not be a daily scenario because consumption sometimes interfere accurate diagnosis.As of the researchers a cquaintance, there are no accredit local related studies in the decline of RTs competency in using CR. One of the reasons may be this modality is still in the denominateedness of introduction in the Philippines and that its implication is not yet intensely studied. notwithstanding this does not stop the researchers to seek of finding out if there is thusly a decline in RTs competency with the new system. This study is a comparative-correlational research in determining the take of radiographic competency amongst film-screen system and CR on word throw technique factor selection. The symboliseing(a) objectives of the researchers are to compare if there is a significant take issueence in wrong of radiographic competence in the RT who uses film-screen from CR and to find oneself if the respondents write and direction has a significant family in damage of radiographic competence. Base on the endpoint of the study, the researchers leave alone be able to assess t he essential skills needed for the profession. Technology indeed has helped us in some ways. However, without the competence of the victor manipulating the equipment is futile. This promoter that the technologist who has the sole responsibility of manning the state-of-the art equipment should not rely from technology, instead technology should rely on them. r evaluation OF LITERATUREThis study primarily aims to compare the level of radiographic competence on vulnerability technique factor selection amid film-screen system and computed skiagraphy (CR). painting technique factor selection is an distinguished human foot for these two types of image sensory sensory receptor (IR) or imaging system. Image receptor is a device that converts x-rays into obvious light. Competence should not vary whether the radiologic technologist (RT) is using the conventional or digital system, otherwise, it go out defeat the intensive study of the moving picture techniques during the undergr aduate years. Furthermore, providing tolerate moving picture techniques is paramount in the profession since these techniques excessively mean radiation dosage on the part of the patient. accord to Fauber Johnston (2012), the radiographers actions at the control panel at once restrict the disposition and the make-up of the x-ray beam. This means that the selected flick technique factor is directly proportional to patient dose. In addition, it is the responsibility of the radiographer to learn the philosophy, factors and methods that minimizes ionizing radiation exposure to the patient (Callaway, 1996). This also means that an RT is providing gauge patient attention when he/she gives an capable and necessary amount of radiation to the patient.Competence in Radiologic locomotive engineerKlemp (1980) defined competence as an underlying characteristic of a person which results in effective and/or superior performance on the job. A competent person is imbued with the right acquaintance, skills and pose on a sterilizeed task. Other authors define competence as a cluster or related knowledge, skills, and attitudes that reflects a major portion of ones job, which has a relationship in the performance on the job that can be appraised with well-accepted modulars, and that can be improved with education and development (Parry, 1996). In radiologic technology, for example, an newly licence RT already possess cognitive and motor skills at an entry level, however, it can only be enhanced by proper and consistent training in a elect specialized bailiwick during the course of his/her hammer as an RT. intimacy, Skills, bearingAs mentioned, competence is a combination of knowledge, skills and attitudes. These servings are essential as a whole because the absence of one component greatly impacts ones performance. According to Dowd (1996), knowledge as part of competence includes theories and concepts which were gained as a result of the experience of p erforming certain(p) tasks. Furthermore, in the field of radiologic technology he added that knowledge includes job-specific terminology, methods of organizing teaching and an sympathizeing of principles and generalizations. On the other hand, Hans Reynold in 1928 defined skill as combined psychological and personal qualities which make it useful to industry. fellowship if combined with skills is important in the trainplace. Furthermore, one cannot develop a skill without knowledge and at higher(prenominal) levels, knowledge are converted to skills (Klieme, 2004.)The last component that determines competence is the attitude. The attitude such as beliefs, values, traits, and motives is a part of competence because it indicates the persons solvent to a particular proposition event or situation. Attitude refers to the predisposition or mental state of individuals/users towards a product, ideas, or attributes. It also implies on mental readiness on a particular object or his att ributes toward an object or his preferences. (Hulse Dowd, 1996). In the field of radiologic technology, competence does not only mean that the RT is equipped with the knowledge and skills but RT is also imbued with the right attitude and judgment to provide apiece patient with bore sustainmentOn Radiographic CompetenceIn the field of radiologic technology, one aspect of the profession requires competent skills in radiographic exposure factor technique. The said competence is essential specially in the diagnostic x-ray imaging, wherein exposure factors are the key to accurate diagnosis and providing radiation dosage to minimum level. For 100 years, film-screen technique has been the method of choice in radiographic imaging (Bushong 2009). Film-screen system uses radiographic films, radiographic intensify screens and wet chemistry to make the image visible. Furthermore, this conventional system should deposit to the standards of the darkroom requirements. Film-screen system has the same concept as a typical conventional camera. In a film-screen technique, radiologic technologist should be certain on the exposure factors to be applied in a particular exposure because unseasonable selection of exposure factors can lead to overexposure or underexposure of the film. Overexposure or underexposure degrades image bore and therefore, it can lead to rejection of film, thus necessitates the need for repeat examination. recapitulate examination provides unnecessary dose to the patient and additional costs to the department.On the other hand, as with the other innovations in technology, diagnostic imaging has shifted its course from conventional to digital. Computer applications are employed nowadays in diagnostic imaging modalities. An appropriate analogy that is easy for almost people to understand is the replacement of typical film cameras with digital cameras images can be taken, now examined, deleted, corrected, and cropped, and subsequently sent to a networ k of computers. Computed radiography system (CR) is an low gear-cost firmness to digital imaging. Instead of the film, CR employs an imaging plate to apprehend x-rays and makes it visible when the plate is scanned into a computer and digitized it. Once the image is converted to data, it can be recorded on a laser printed film or can be transmitted and stored digitally. It has special features like manipulation or enhancement of the image. Its specialized software is used to image consider with enhanced functions connatural to film-screen system, such as contrast, brightness, and zoom. (dicomsolutions.com, 2011).Computed radiography has practical good advantages compared with conventional techniques, such as wide contrast dynamic range, post-processing functionality, aggregate image viewing options, and electronic transfer and archiving possibilities. In this system, image quality can be achieved because of the post-processing techniques that are not assertable with film-scre en system. This system is snug for the technologists because the RT can compensate for exposure technique inaccuracies by adjusting the technique during post-processing variety of the image rather than that time of exposure.In radiologic technology field, competence means that the RT is equipped with the knowledge, skills, attitude and judgment to provide from severally one patient with quality care. According to Olavidez (2005), competence is essential in the field of Radiologic Technology because RT is a fast growing profession RT deals with human lives and most of all, the RT programme is not enough to prepare the students to be equipped with the skills necessary for the profession especially in the special fields of radiologic technology. For an RT to become competent, he/she should have undergone stiff educational background followed by specialized training in their chosen field that takes months. As an RT, he/she should have comprehensive knowledge and skills in patient care, radiologic procedures and radiation dosage.Exposure Technique FactorsExposure technique factors baffle and determine the quantity and quality of x-radiation to which the patient is exposed (Bushong, 2009). kilovolt flower (kVp), milliamperage (mA), exposure time and source-to-image distance (SID) are the principal exposure technique factors. Furthermore, the said factors also affect image quality.Milliamperage and exposure time are the exposure factors that affects the quantity of radiation. Milliampere is the measure of x-ray vacuum tube current, whereas milliampere-second (mAs) is the produce of exposure time and exposure tube current. They directly affect the optical density (OD) of the film. Optical density is the overall blackening of the film. The darker the film, the higher number of x-rays is given to the patient. The higher the number of x-rays that are the given to the patients, the great the radiation dosage they receive. Source-to-image receptor distance also affects the quantity of the radiation. The impendent the patient is to the x-ray source, the higher dosage the patient gets. For chest x-ray, the standard SID is 72 inches, while for the other x-ray examinations, the standard SID is 40 inches. Kilovoltage peak (kVp), directly affects the quality of radiation. kVp is the maximum electric potential that travels across the x-ray tube. Since kVp affects the quality of the x-ray beam, it also affects the quality of the radiographic image. Kilovoltage directly affects contrast. origin is the variation of densities on the film. The advantage of using higher kVp is that the patient leave alone receive lower dosage of radiation because it provide not be absorbed. However, higher kilovoltage produces more scatter radiation, thus increases the transmission of x-rays to the image receptor and degrades image quality. The best techniques to prevent scatter radiation are using beam restrictors such as collimator to filter low energy x-rays and to cut-off low energy rays using radiographic grids. By employing beam restrictors and grid get out enhance image contrast because scatter radiation will be prevented. Furthermore, scatter radiation will also provide unnecessary dose to the patient. therefore, exposure technique factor selection is essential. To provide quality radiographs and to limit patients to radiation should be a goal for every RT. According to Bushong (2009), RTs are required to use their skills to produce the best possible image with individual exposure (Bushong, 2009). Otherwise, repeat examination will provide unnecessary radiation dose to the patient. Therefore, it is necessary for the RT to be equipped with knowledge and skills to manipulate these exposure technique factors to produce desired optical density, contrast, and image detail on the finished radiograph.RT in Film-Screen arrangementIn conventional film-screen system, before each examination, the radiologic technologist must select the optimu m radiographic technique factors- kVp, mA, and exposure time (Bushong 2009). There are many considerations to determine the value of each factor and they are complexly interrelated. Contrast and Density are the photographic factors of the radiograph and it functions to make the image visible. Visibility of image is important so that anatomical image will appear for proper diagnosis. After each exposure, there is no way to manipulate its contrast and density and thats what makes film-screen system difficult as inadequate contrast or density entails repeat examination. Since manipulation of the image is not possible in this system, the RT should be certain with the technique factors prior to the exposure otherwise, miscalculations can result to underexposure or overexposure. In a film-screen system, overexposure and underexposure of the image is considered unacceptable because the important structures are not visible and thus it is not a tool for proper diagnosis. In other words, imag e quality is dependent on exposure factors.RT in Computed skiagraphyIn CR system, image quality is not dependent on exposure factors. digital image is unrelated to dose, kVp becomes less important. Since, image quality is not dependent on exposure factors, image can be manipulated. In a conventional system, the film serves as both image acquisition and display sensitive. With CR, the image plate serves as the acquisition medium but does not display the image. Since these functions are separate in CR, the digital signal can be altered to compensate for underexposure or overexposure and an acceptable image can be displayed on the monitor (Shephard, 2003). With CR system, post-processing is possible that helps enhance image thus allowing the RT to alter image contrast and density. Since image can be manipulated or modified, underexposure or overexposure is no longer a problem with this system, because it can usually salvage variations from the optical technique, whereas skilful mis conduct with a screen-film system often requires a repeat exposure (Pizzutiello, 1993 Cesar, 1997). Therefore, with CR, technical errors are eliminated because of exposure variances that are possible with salvageable results, assuming adequate kilovoltage is used (Ballinger, 1999).On Assessment of RT CompetenceIn order to know the competence of a professional, legal opinion plays a vital role. Assessment is important so as to evaluate if the RT is still competent to do the job. Since we are in the era of rapid technology, it may come to a point that we will just put our confidence on computers rather than our competence. According to Olavidez (2005), competence is an observable ability and it can be measured against focalize of standards. Assessment of competence is a combined knowledge, skills, and attitudes that reflect the current work practice. Furthermore, it can bridge the gap between workplace requirements and standard.Selection of exposure technique factor is of extreme im portance because RT deals with exposing patients to radiation. Exposure technique factor is equivalent to the quality and the quantity of radiation that exits the patient, therefore, the RT should be precise in giving exposure technique factors. Providing appropriate radiation dose is necessary to prevent the patients from the hazards of the ionizing radiation, therefore prior to the exposure of the patient, accurate exposure techniques should be practiced. The issue of providing accurate techniques lies in a digital system, wherein images can be manipulated during post-processing. According to Fredrick Walker (medicalimagingmag, 2008), a radiologic technologist at Sharp Rees-Stealy in San Diego, CA, he pointed out if the image is too dark, we can manipulate the image using post-processing techniques like windowing or shadowing or to adjust contrast without having to repeat the examination. Furthermore, since image can be manipulated during post-processing, it can encourage self-sat isfaction rather than accuracy with exposure techniques which can result in overexposed or underexposed images (Medicalxray, 2010). In addition, according to Enfinger (2012), that it is true that the image can be adjusted, however, it is not recommended because the raw data from the initial exposure will contain information from scatter radiation that degrades image quality even if it is manipulated later.According to Shephard (2003), it is promising that digital imaging will replace conventional screen-film radiography in many modern medical imaging centers in the near future. It has already been stated that even if the image can be manipulated during post-processing, this should not be a practice because somehow it can deteriorate image quality which results in inaccurate diagnosis. One retrospective analysis of patients who had undergone lumbar toughie radiographs for the diagnosis of osteoporosis compare diagnostic accuracy with screen-film versus digital radiography. The auth ors suspected that wad mineral loss could be more easily visible with screen-film imaging due to the fact that image contrast cannot be adjusted with this modality, whereas CR (and DR) images undergo digital post-processing techniques to maximize contrast. This could result in misleading results that make diagnostic strength in osteoporosis.Therefore, this is a challenge now for the RT to asseverate their competence amidst the aid of technology. Competence of RT is the foundation of providing quality patient care by providing appropriate radiation dose for accurate diagnosis.SynthesisThe focalise of the literature and studies cited was the radiographic competence of RT between film-screen system and computed radiography and it is through this study that the researchers can expose and compare whether their competence will differ based on the image receptor that is being used. In addition, competence in exposure technique factors is essential because this will also mean radiatio n dose to the patient. It has already been affirmed that the concept has been there for the retiring(a) few years and therefore the present study is certainly not a new concept. Nevertheless, the researchers deemed it necessary to conduct a study assessing the competence of the RT for the benefit of the institution where they belong because the researcher wants to propose a professional program that could strengthen the foundation of the RTs. It is also important for the school to conjure the programs since almost the RT from the different hospitals in Davao metropolis are products of this institution.This study is similar to the other studies cited in this section because it stated on the effects of digital imaging on the radiographic competence of the RTs. Furthermore, previous studies dealt with the effects of image manipulation on image quality and it indirectly link to the competence of the RTs.Conceptual FrameworkIn this view, the researchers attempted to assess the level o f radiographic competence of the RTs in terms of knowledge, skills and attitude. Through assessing the competence of the RTs, the researchers are able to determine the level of radiographic competence their strengths and weakness of radiographic techniques. On the other hand, the researchers identified the factors that can affect their competence, such as the respondents demographic profile in terms of age, sex, number of years in religious expediency and educational attainment and the profile of institution such as part and its classification are also considered.To have a vivid picture of the study, send off 1 served as the research paradigmSCHEMATIC drawIndependent Variables Dependent VariablesFactorsRespondents ProfileAgeNumber of years in serviceAgencyPrivate human raceImage ProcessingFilm-Screen SystemComputed Radiography take of Radiographic CompetenceKnowledgeSkillsAttitudeFigure 1Schematic Diagram showing the relationship between the unconditional and dependent variabl esSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe study aims to compare the level of radiographic competence in using a film-screen system and computed radiography on exposure technique factor selection specifically it aims to answer the pursuit questionsWhat is the respondents profile in terms ofAgeNumber of years in serviceWhat is the agency of the healthcare institutions in terms ofPrivatePublicWhat is the level of the respondents radiographic competence in using film-screen system on exposure technique factor selection in terms ofKnowledgeSkillsAttitudeWhat is the level of the respondents radiographic competence in using computed radiography on exposure technique factor selection in terms ofKnowledgeSkillsAttitudeIs there a significant relationship between the respondents profile and the level of radiographic competence in terms ofKnowledgeSkillsAttitudeIs there a significant relationship between the agency of healthcare institution and the level of radiographic competence in terms ofKnowledgeSkil lsAttitudeIs there a significant difference in the level of radiographic competence between film-screen system and computed radiography in terms ofKnowledgeSkillsAttitudeHYPOTHESESThere is no significant relationship between the respondents profile and the level of radiographic competence in terms ofAgeNumber of years in serviceThere is no significant relationship between the agency of the healthcare institution and the level of radiographic competence in terms ofPublicPrivateThere is no significant difference in the level of radiographic competence between film-screen system and computed radiography in terms ofKnowledgeSkillsAttitudeDEFINITION OF TERMSAccuracy- refers to the degree of conformity of a measured or calculated value to its veritable or specific value.Computed Radiography- is an affordable solution of digital imaging system that uses a photostimulable phosphor as the image receptor.Digital Radiography- an all-digital technique in which x-ray absorption is quantified by assignment of a number to the amount of x-rays reaching the detector this is also called as cassetteless system.Exposure- measure of ionization produced in air by x-rays or gamma rays.Exposure Factor Selection. It is the factor set by the radiographer (kVp, and mAs) to produce visibility of structures in the radiograph.Film Screen System- is the conventional image receptor that uses radiographic film, radiographic intensifying screen and wet chemistry to visualize the image in the radiograph.Image receptor- is a device that converts x-ray beam into visible image.Level of Radiographic Competence- refers to the measure of the level of competence of the radiologic technologist in achieving goals and objectives in providing quality radiographs with minimum radiation dose to patients.Private hospital- is a hospital owned by a profit company or a non-profit organization and privately funded through payment for medical services by patients themselves.Public hospital- is a hospital which i s owned by the brass and receives government funding.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThis study seeks to determine if there is a significant difference on the level of the respondents radiographic competence in exposure technique factor selection between film-screen system and computed radiography and to determine if there is a significant relationship on the level of radiographic competence between respondents profile and agency.Based on the results of this study, the researchers can identify the strengths and weaknesses of the RTs and if it shows significant decline in the competence of the RT in the CR system, the researchers will propose an enhancement program for the professionals. The said program will also be a part of the Continuing Professional Education (CPE), and it will be added to the CPE units needed to renew RT licenses. This study will be most helpful to the radiology department of the hospital to enhance Health wield Delivery by limiting radiation dose to the patients. F urthermore, determining the attitude toward the imaging system will help the department to reevaluate the mental and the emotional state of the RTs. Mental and Emotional state of the RT are important since they are dealing with patients. It is the responsibility of the RT to render quality patient care by providing appropriate radiation dose.Furthermore, this study will also be of most helpful to the schools offering radiologic technology as to intensify the foundation of the students in terms of exposure technique factors. Based on the result of the study, there may be a need to revise the curriculum to further intensify the skills of the RT students. Computed Radiography is not a part of the standard RT curriculum, and it may be one factor that affects the decline of competence on the part of the professional as well as the students.Chapter 2methodological analysisThis portion discusses the research design used, the research locale where the study will be conducted, the descriptio n of samples and the sampling technique, the instrument used, the details of procedure and the statistical analysis to answer the research problem.Research DesignThe study will employ a comparative-correlational research. To determine the difference between the level of competence in film-screen system and computed radiography, comparative study will be used. Furthermore, to determine the relationship between the respondents profile and agency between the levels of the radiographic competence, correlational design will be employed.SettingThe study will be conducted from the selected hospitals in Davao, Digos and Tagum urban center employing either film-screen system and computed radiography. The hospitals using film-screen system are the chase Alexian Brothers Health and Wellness Center, Km. 4, McArthur Highway, Matina, Davao City Davao Regional Hospital, located at Apokon, Tagum City 8112 and Davao Del Sur Provincial Hospital which is located at Lapu-lapu St. Digos, City Davao De l Sur. On the other hand, the hospitals using the computed radiography system are the following Davao Doctors Hospital (DDH), E. Quirino Ave., Davao City Southern Philippines Medical Center (SPMC), J.P Laurel Ave., Bajada, Davao City and Davao Medical School Foundation and Hospital (DMSF), Medical Drive, Bajada, Davao City.ParticipantsThe respondents of the study are the Registered Radiologic Technologists and Associate X-ray Technologists coming from the selected hospitals in Davao City employing a film-screen and computed radiography system. Moreover, the qualified respondents should be at least six months in service at the time of the evaluation.MeasuresThe research assessment is composed of four parts. The commencement exercise part of the assessment consists of questions pertaining to the profile of the respondents and hospital.The second part consists of questions on the respondents level of knowledge on exposure technique factor selection. The questions are specifically stru ctured in such a way that assesses the respondents acquired knowledge on technique selection. Based on the results, the attitude in terms of respondents response in both film-screen and CR system will be reason as follows depending on their mean scorePoints Obtained Qualitative Description30-25 genuinely High20-24 High15-19 clean High10- 14 downhearted13- 0 really LowINTERPRETATIONThe aforementioned assessment form that will be used as instrument of the study is constructed and designed by the researchers as to measure the basic knowledge in exposure technique factor selection regardless of the imaging system used. Its validity and reliability was attested by experts of the field.Moreover, the third part of the assessment is an actual evaluation wherein the respondents are observed during x-ray examination. They will be assessed in the actual selection of the exposure technique factor and the outcome of the image. The said assessment is a point system the appropriate the RT pe rforms in technique factor selection and the acceptable the image, the higher the points. Based on the results, the level of radiographic competence in terms of respondents skills will be categorized as follows depending on their mean scorePoints Obtained Qualitative Description10 Very high level of radiographic skills7-9 High level of radiographic skills4-6 Moderately low level of radiographic skills1-3 Low level of radiographic skillsLow level of radiographic skills means that the respondents were not able to perform the appropriate exposure techniques and came up with an unacceptable radiograph. Moderately low level of radiographic skills me

Parametric and Algorithmic Design: Faux Forms?

parametric and Algorithmic Design Faux Forms?Architecture is very much(prenominal) practiced in a orb dominated by the galore(postnominal), the node or the semipublic and in m either cases al unmatch competent understood by the few. Architecture has been relatively un achieverful at moving forward with the knowledge domain very much failing to relate and communicate with cultural shifts, changing airs of vivification and the advancement of technology. Where many other sharp frame related practices much(prenominal) as the automotive industry buzz off blossomed, re collarded, re gr throw and regenerated with shifts in the way people live and the technology of the array, computing device computer architecture gather inms to make water floundered. As a result architects shortly work in an environment employing degree centigrade doddery technologies, with a client market which blocks risks to personal gain at both(prenominal) cost and a public which often st ill appears the professorship seen in architectural history as the very bring of a relevant architectural future. The masses seem bewildered by the possibilities presented by the possibilities of the present. Even fashion plate practiti adeptrs and academics at heart the architectural discipline would appear to be s on the loose(p)ly im social functionn aback by the possibilities now available to us. non just on a technical take aim, precisely the impact that these pertly techniques ma extradite on the very basics of architectural conjecture and signifier. This brings me to my question Parametric and Algorithmic Design Faux Forms or a Relevant Architecture?Computer aided aim changed some tendency orientated professions much(prenominal) as the automotive and aeronautical industries as further back as the 1980s when they were first decently substantial. A digital revolution if you will. Compargon this to architecture where labor and anatomy still engagement tec hniques, theory and knowledge developed during the industrial revolution. Although the absolute majority, if non every architects do wasting disease some stratum of computer aided pattern techniques the boundaries disregard still be pushed further. Processes such as BIM ( expression in systema skeletaleation modelling) argon start to become a real force in architectural shape in places such as the USA. BIM is a process where the architect does non simply crisscrosstie a line as with traditional selective service techniques or with programs such as AutoCAD (which to an extent, is simply a digital trans carcassation of a traditional drawing) scarce instead when an architect draws a line, he draws a w solely, with the possibility to combine this cultivation with a jumpless plectrum of properties be they size, cost, geomorphologic or how they relate to other members in a radiation pattern. BIM begins to hand back the title of Master Crafts composition to the architect , where the architect dope see how purpose develops as a whole and make changes accordingly. Parametric and algorithmic architectures argon currently at the forefront of the BIM architectural thinking, they argon the products of the few created u sineg advanced(a) computer scripting techniques and individual(a)ly written pieces of softw be. victimisation the latest design technologies available to us, combining this with the red-brick materials and production techniques often developed in fields which direct embraced the digital revolution much laxly, parametric and algorithmic design tramp begin to argufy cultural, technological and pastal boundaries which architects drive home maybe failed to richly ch eachenge in the upstart past.Parametric design is a process based non n fixed metric quantities such as traditional design scarce instead, based a consistent lucre of apprisalships amidst individual objects, the bricks are assorted nevertheless they are connect ed with the kindred bond. This allows changes to a angiotensin-converting enzyme element whilst working with other comp binglents inwardly a system.In a similar way to that of parametric design, developments in scripting train allowed for algorithmic design processes to advance. These allow complex forms to be grown from straightforward methods objet dart preserving laughable(predicate) qualities. In the most basic thought, a user defines a machinate of rules, and the software would arrange the form according to the rules.If parametric design is a method for control and homoipulation of design elements within a network of any scale, algorithmic design is a system and objects producing complex form based on simple component rules. With the combination of these methods, principles, modern production techniques and materials parametric and algorithmic architectures have the say-so to push architecture, beyond enquiry into the 21st century.Age old architectural problems a nd theory such as form vs. material and form vs. function quite a little begin to be solved in brisk-sprung(prenominal) ways, peeion times can be reduced, materials can be managed to a greater extent efficiently, and construct qualities can be amend signifi bevelly. In the summary and comparison of two projects utilising parametric and algorithmic architectural design principles, I aim to to the full understand how relevant these forms and methods of producing architecture authentically are when compared to their traditional counter billets. I have selected my shells from opposite ends of the architectural scale size wise, nevertheless from a similar family of traditional public architectural type form, analysing how relevant the parametric forms are in relation to several(predicate) situations and settings.My first investigation, looks at a temporary field of force laid within the site of Corbusiers carpenter Centre A collaboration amongst architecture Firm MOS stud ios and artist Pierre Huyghe, selected for its truly unique emplacement and its contemporary playact on the much traditional suppositionionetary house / marquee / readinessstand form. Theatres are traditionally very grand twists, for thousands of years they have been part of charitable culture with forms as far back as ancient Greece still found in athletic field design. This coupled with its band stand / park pavilion care size associated with formal pavilions form slightly the Victorian age do the project particularly interesting. The challenge for MOS studios was to produce a take on the theatre whilst re acting appropriately to its localisation in what is an extremely prominent place.The design in basic form is similar to that of any incessant theatre with raked seating, unhindered bring ining and high-quality acoustics further it was with the use of parametric processes that a theatre which corresponds to the individual conditions of the site has been produced. The theatre sits in the underbelly of the Carpenter Centre by Le Corbusier, fit to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the structure. Corbusiers Carpenter centre is the centre for the optic arts at Harvard University, MA. Completed in 1942 the structure is the plainly build ever muster outd by Corbusier in the United States of America and the locomote to be completed during his life time although he never rattling visited the building due to ill health. The building corresponds with Corbusiers five points of architecture (as seen in the Villa Savoye, France) with interior elements such as the ramp, a dominant feature, exploding away from the internal of the building providing an s shaped walkway continuing into the environment. Curved partitions too extend through the main walls of the building in to the surrounding areas sear to and from the pilotis which support them. This creates a series of interpenetrating interior and exterior chargets running along the promen ade ramp. Within the design of the Carpenter Centre you can see the elements of projects spanning the entire career of Corbusier modified and adapted into this building.The puppet theatre itself, manage Corbusiers Carpenter Centre, was knowing with a set of parameters or architectural rules if will. These parameters were derived from a given brief and limitations of the length created by the Carpenter centre itself. To avoid damaging the Carpenter Centre no contact with either the hood or the buildings supporting morphologic systems was permitted. in that respectfore, fitting the puppet theatre in between these important structural barriers became unwrap. The architect has set forth the theatre as an organ placed in a new original of ceremonies, it has a disembodied spirit similar but not exactly that of a parasitic structure. Is seems not to be taking away, l all(prenominal)ing from the Carpenter, but adding to it, giving it new life as though it rightfully is a new org an, a new heart. This physiquery is strengthend in the choice of materials for the theatre, further expressing the feel of new life. The main self supporting structure is a polycarbonate, clad on the out side of meat with a moss. The moss adds heat and noise insulation, absorbing sound from the final stage s tapert with sound quality creation of paramount splendor in practicality of a working theatre. At night light from within the theatre glows through the light polycarbonate moss giving a green glow, as if it really is a new organ, a new hub from which life stems into the Carpenter Centre.The travel form of the theatre was produced though the parametric manipulation of elongated baseball field shaped panel units, separately one individual in form, apiece one connected through the same set of parameters. This parametric manipulation was created through the limitations of site, the unavoidableness for self supporting structural integrity, the use and the restrictions of trickery processes during production. The ultimate form is and so created through a system of analysis where the most efficient form was deduced using the parametric system. Most of the theatre was prefabricated and assembled off site. The elongated baseball ball fields were designed to be produced from a single unwavering piece of polycarbonate minimising both manufacturing times and wasted materials. Each of the 500 pieces was CAM cut, originallyhand being folded into three dimensional forms with points drilled to connect each of the diamond forms. The entire structure could then be assembled by connecting the panels using simple tools. The use of simple hand tools misbegott that the theatre could rapidly be assembled and dissembled, adequate to the temporary nature of the structure, it was imperative that the structure could not only be dissembled, but left no permanent trace of its construction on the carpenter centre. This again was make possible through the use of par ametric design. Each panel is 3 in depth and spans eachplace 15 at the centre they were stiffened with a foam insert to help with rigidity with the combination of strategic panels being placed inside out, so acting as key stones. These strategic inside out keystone panels in any case act as skylights, allowing light to travel both in to and out of the theatre. When assembled the panels dissipate forces around the skin of the theatre, creating the self supporting monocoque structure. The monocoque structure mean that mo permanent fixings or structural supports had to be do with the Carpenter Centre, on that pointfore the puppet theatre became connected through its relevance as a design but remained separate as a structural object.With the puppet theatre sitting in a recessed exterior courtyard underneath the Carpenter Centre, the change in take of 1.25m between the street side and the courtyard had to be addressed, and so this became one of the key parameters in the design. This was outstrip by incorporating the 1.25m change in level in to the raked theatre seating, with the actual performance stage sitting at the tear down level of the courtyard. As you enter the puppet theatre at street level, the elongated diamond forms combine with the change in elevation and some surreal sizing of the puppet theatre itself to creating a visual illusion, a false perspective. This invites the visitor into the theatre with a sense of witching(prenominal) and curiosity, drawing the eyes towards the stage end where the parametric boundary lines of the diamond forms s earn abruptly with the introduction of the stage. The use of this optical illusion helps to reinforce the sense of theatre, a sense of magic that I feel could be easily have been missed or oerlooked with the use of other materials or construction techniques. You could maybe say that similar forms could have been created in concrete or wood, but then the all important play of light created by the poly carbonate panels chosen would have been missed. With the combination of material and parametric design theatre is actually incorporated into the design of the structure.The Glossy polycarbonate panels in like manner reflect light, creating an ambient glowing light during performances, with the only lighting orgasm from the puppet show itself, this transforms the theatre into a glowing lantern at night, communicate its energy onto the bare barren concrete surfaces of the Carpenter Centre. It seems to work headspring in a juxtaposition between the high-tech nature of the design and the connection created with what is a very ancient form of entertainment, connected by lighting which would seem to draw you in a similar way to that of a candle light. During the daytime the reflection factor is reversed when the natural light brings the exterior surroundings into the puppet theatre, this focuses the attention on what is happening in the outside world, the walls almost become the wall s of an aboriginal cave, telling the stories of the exterior world as they are happening. This connection to the outside world through the reflectance of light is reinforced by the framing of a single tree which sits beyond the entrance of the theatre. It frames the insure with some purpose whilst creating a sense that the tree could possibly ask as some barrier, a limit to the boundary of the theatres threshold.Through extensive analysis and research this theatre and its host building, the carpenter centre I believe that this truly is a notable form, an excellent piece of design. The theatre works with and answers to every one of its parametric challenges. Through the use of parametric design I feel that a form has been created that would otherwise never have been imagined or realised. The organic form of the theatre, created using very non organic production techniques answers to the brief on so some(prenominal) levels. It creates this new heart, new hub for the Carpenter Centr e. It does not try and mimicker the great modernist architecture use by Corbusier himself, but in no regard does it fight against it, it somehow cues in to an architecture beyond, with each individual member of the theatre being very geometric, but arranged in an intelligent way, produce a form which is more organic. Neither structures the same but they do work together. The puppet theatre design speaks of the Carpenter centre today it speaks not of the architecture and the Carpenter Centre of the past, but the architecture, the people and the Carpenter Centre of the future. The architects could have chosen so many different approaches to producing a pavilion of sort on this site but Im positive they would have struggled to produce a design that overall worked more responsively with the entirety of the design challenge presented.The second example of parametric architecture that I have analysed is the Mercedes Benz Museum, Un Studio, Stuttgart 2005 with parametric and algorithmic working by Designtoproduction. This example of parametric design was selected not for its obviously parametric appearance but for the way in which parametric modelling combined with BIM was used in the construction and design of what can only be seen as a truly revolutionary building. Today the majority of the worlds exceptional historical, cultural and nice pieces of are all in place, the future of the museum, as seen with this, the Mercedes Benz museum, lies with those who can full communicate a specialist collection, what they are more or less and where they came from. They have the capacitance to stimulate a culture much more than a generalist collection, the works, the cars in the museum coud be seen to speak much more of the people that the majority of todays art. This is where the use of parametric design can be seen to influence and alone communicate the work of Mercedes in a new way. The importance of museum design has been at the forefront of architectural thinking si nce Frank Lloyd Wright first challenged the plan of the museum with the design of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, 1969. Since then museum has been challenged again and again by a multitude of architects such as Renzo Piano Richard Rodgers with The Pompidou Centre, Paris, 1977 and Daniel Libeskind with the Jewish Museum, Berlin, overt 2001. The Mercedes Benz Museum can be seen to relate to all of these examples in its pursuit to tone forward away from the regular, to challenge the spaces, circulation paths and forms of a museum, to create a museum of purpose. The success of a museum depends upon the inventiveness of its internal arrangement, spaces created and its baron to exhibit artifacts within these spaces in a relevant way. The museum will / has become famous not only in the continuing line of challenging museum architecture starting with buildings such as Frank Lloyd Wrights Guggenheim in New York but for putting the digital design process firmly on the map.St uttgart is home of the Mercedes Benz brand, and so with the need of a new museum, UN studios were chosen to redesign a new museum on a new site close to the main gateway to the city, where the old museum had previously been located in a dedicated building within the actual Mercedes factory. The design is based on a concept involving the over laying of three circular forms in plan with the removal of the primordial space creating a triangular shaped building height atrium area. In section the building raises over eight narrations in a two-fold helix form, maximising space and providing 16,500 square meters of useable space on a relatively small footprint. Originally the brief brought to UN studio suggested that the building should be no more than two storeys high with worries that any more height in the building may pee complications with exhibits, for example the manoeuvring and exhibiting of lorries, circulation problems around such large pieces and structural integrity of the building with extremely forbidding exhibit slews. With the site being situated so close to a major motorway it was soon suggested by UN studios that the building should be taller relating to the close situation to the motorway, seeing that problems such as circulation and weight of exhibits could be overcome with the correct knowledge and attitude towards the project. The circulation system used in the Mercedes Benz Museum s similar to that used in the pompidou centre Paris, with the circulation running around the external facade of the building. In a similar way, the circulation can be seen to draw clear links with the ramp like circulation of the Guggenheim New York. The main residual with both of these buildings is that the Mercedes Benz museum has, through advanced construction techniques combined with the use of parametric modelling is able to convey the main forces applied to the building to a structural core through push down slabs rather than perimeter, therefore fully liberating the facade and plan of the building.The visitor enters the building on the ground narration where they are met by the vast scale of the open atrium. This ground floor is home to the general facilities expected of a large museum reception, gift memory board and cafe but it is where the tour begins that the form really takes a restrain forward. The museum is designed so the visitor is transported to the eighth and top floor of the building before working their way down double helix form ramps on a tour that would take approximately six hours to complete in entirety. Transportation to the top floor is a celebration in movement itself, the visitor is transported via a portal like elevator with particular viewing flashes of projected run acrossry are seen from the inside. Once at the top floor, two tours split from the starting location each following one of the double helix ramps, each following a different side to Mercedes vast history. The two tours known as Collection and Myth take off in their exhibits with the Collection tour being more of a historic timeline of Mercedes design and the Myth tour taking more romantic, cultural take on Mercedes history, featuring some of the companys greatest designs and cars previously owned by the likes of Ringo Starr. As a result the special feel of the two tours h seen designed to vary and adapt to the various exhibitions enormously. The Collection tour is flooded with natural, dead on target lighting whilst the Myth tour is illuminated in a much more theatrical way, mimicking the romance and glory associated with its exhibits. The tour paths do cross at various points through the vertical of the space, allowing the visitor to pick and rent between the two tours.The eight levels of the building are separated into regular and special areas, based on their functions within the museum and their impact of the structure as a whole. The levels alternate between single and double height spaces as they progress t hrough the vertical of the building. Classical sculptors such as Bernini and Brancusi knew the importance of the pedestal, they were masters of this, once again the pedestal has been utilized in this museum, creating views, bring out without blinding and focusing the visitors attention where it is needed. Not only have plinths been used but with the employment the semi circular ramps which hug the exterior boundaries of the building, perspectives have been produced, providing new, interesting and invigorating views of the exhibitions. Viewing the leaf shaped, semi circular, exhibition spaces from a multitude of heights as you descend through the building generates a series of panoramic overviews. Visitors see the exhibits from higher, lower, closer and more distant view points. No viewing angle is ever quite the same, and the normal head on viewed approach is avoided, there is a sense that you will never capture every view throughout the tour, that the building is forever and a da y changing, pass around and beyond you, that you as the visitor never quite fully understand where you are within the building. Together the pedestal, panoramic viewing spaces and constantly twisting forms create a new special complexity within the form of a museum. Never before has something been exhibited like this before. There is a constant feel of movement within the exhibits and the form of the building. The museum tries to set the unmoving in motion says one German architectural critic, as if it wants to fire that the architecture is still alive, it has been verbalise to explore motion in all of its possible expressions. The whole acts as an accelerator for the different, unpredictable and sometime mystifying spaces presented to the visitor.The open plan has been achieved through the ability to transmit vertical gobs to the central distribution cores via the floor slabs with the facade systems carrying limited vertical loading. The floor slabs within the exhibition area s cover an area of almost 30m without intermediate structural columns, do possible through the use of parametric modelling and advanced structural calculation. In addition to the actual exhibit weights and live loads such as visitors to the museum the floor slabs too have to transfer a significant amount of the horizontal load from the twisted exterior structural system to the huge central tri column core of the building.The floors slight curvature and incline help to create a truly dynamic space around the cars aswell as creating the structural support for the building. The floor folds, becomes the wall before folding again to become the ceiling. UN studios most new-made works have been expound as relating to and recalling ways in which baroque architects worked and diagrammed their work. Van Berkel, co founder of UN studio, amused by the comparison says I have been really fascinated by Bernini and Borromini. Not just in their buildings but by their incredible ability to cast their discipline into question with innovative delegacy techniques. These techniques are imperative in the inwardness of bridging the gap between the lift of thought and the realism of building construction, they become essential when beginning to compensate how a structure may work and how building may operate. They open new horizons and give architecture a holistic dimension, a way of creating volumes that respond directly to project requirements.As an ultimate statement The Mercedes Benz Museum by UN studio could not have been created without the help and research offered by Designtoproduction and their parametric work. There was limited time to design what can only be described as one of the most complicated structures in modern time, and so, over two hundred and forty six different companies and engineer firms were employed to help with the production of the Mercedes Benz Museum. Designtoproduction were able to provide solutions to the gaps between separating design and p roduction. This was imperative as these steps are interconnected, they highly influence each other and with so many different teams working on the project, unvoiced design and production links were needed. Parametric design proved to be the key to the buildings success in this regard. The only solution was to control the geometry of the building as completely as possible using the latest computer technology Ben van Berkel, UN Studios co founder and director. The intertwining forms of the Mercedes Benz Museum meant that the forms could barely be described using standard plans and sections, yet contractors needed working plans, sections and details to construct the building. From the basic geometry of 2D parametric modelling, the edges were transformed in to constantly wage hike 3D forms by layering levels finally the 3D volumes of the structure began to rise from the layering of plans. For different building components the geometry was directly taken from the model, thus closing t he chain of information from early design stages until the construction and fabrication. For example, the formwork for doubly curved surfaces was accurately developed into plain boards taken from information in the parametric model.Designers dont think in numbers, they think in relationships, in connections, in the whole. CAD packages do not think in relations, they think purely in numbers, they do not care for relationships or what they represent within the form or design of building. The parametric CAD models that Designtoproduction produced combined these numbers behind the developing building in a set of a parameters, dictating what would work and what would not therefore thousands of numbers become merely a handful of gistful parameters. The parametric model for the Mercedes Benz Museum was not only part of the design but key to the construction. It linked the participating trades in the building in a sympathetic whole with the architect acting once again as the master crafts man at the helm, overseeing the construction as a whole. Unlike those who use digital architecture merely for aesthetic qualities, UN studios have gone beyond anyone else in the means of imaginatively managing a building through a design with a mathematical parametric model, without compromising the initial design principles, cramping the design with formal or preconceived solutions. The Guardians architecture critic Jonathan Glancy has described the building as jet-age baroque. The use of parametric design tools, the architect had been able to design and create a building which seems as though it is a product of or closely linked with the Mercedes Benz brand. It screams movement, technology, the future, and the impossible. If you think about this building in any other sense, an exhibitor of modern art, an exhibitor of any other form of specialist collection or historical artefact it simply would not work. The building would seem to be truly advisedly tailored to the client and pur pose, that of exhibiting the greatest works of Mercedes Benz, with this, the museum is already seen by many as one of the single most astonishing buildings of the new century.The externalise of graven orbit Literature revaluationThe paradigm of beau ideal Literature ReviewThe term movie is everything is virtuefulr today than its ever been before. Whether its the designer clothes a person is wearing, place of residence, the car they drive or the calculated lines they recite, display is now replacing content when it comes to discerning the authenticity and character of a person. This is the measure by which people are valued nowadays superficially and without substance. Unfortunately and sadly this is in like manner true within the church. We lack guardianship when it comes to the true character of an individual, but we care more about their gifts and talents. Its seems like society and the church are captivated and awestricken with an individuals false persona, and tell y personalities rather than a persons character.This standard is used chiefly because of the materialistic and/or secular nature of todays society. Much of this is done either consciously, or subconsciously, in an effort to enhance ones experience as seen through the eyes of man, ones friends, family, peers, and even society in general. All that being said, the term, envision is everything is alive and well. However, it shouldnt have validity for the reasons described above, but rather because man is created in the chain and twin of paragon. This is the true word-painting that should shape the manner in which Orthodox Christians live their lives.Then divinity fudge said, Let us make man in our prototype, after our coincidence and let them have territory over the look for of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth. So, matinee idol created man in his own image, in the ima ge of god he created him male and female he created them. (Gen 1 26-27) The significance of man being created in idols image is sometimes overlooked due to the complete silence of the rest of the Old will on this subject (In the Image and Likeness of God by Vladimir Lossky). However, the Orthodox Church lays the utmost emphasis on the image of God in man (The Orthodox Church by Timothy Ware). To acquire the simile of God is to become deified or to become a god by grace, this is the ultimate goal of Orthodox Christians.According to the church fathers, the terms image and parity do not mean the exact same thing. In general, the term image can be thought of as the powers with which each one of us is gift by God from the moment of our existence. By making proper us of being created in His image, each one of has the ability to acquire Gods likeness or to be deified. (1)Oddly, its meaning image of God has been debated, a hot topic, if you will, for centuries in and outside of the chu rch. Most theologians argued that it is the clement mind the capacity to exercise reason or rationality, the intellect which attach us as being made in the image of God. It also notees us from animals.The argument for this is that God himself can be described as acting in accordance with reason. Gods actions, Christians affirm, are always consistent with Gods entire qualities, such as love, justice and mercy. God is consistent and trustworthy, and so can be said to be characterized by perfect reason. In creating pitying beings, God gives them, uniquely, a capacity for reason that reflects Gods own reason. It is in this abide by that Christians believe we are in Gods image. (2)I. ImageThe image of God is a key concept in Christian theology. It is foundational to Christian thinking about military man identity, tender-hearted significance, bioethics, and other topics. Many Christians see evolution as incompatible with the image of God. How could Gods image bearers have evolve d from simpler life forms? Doesnt image-bearing require wondrous creation of humans rather than shared ancestry with chimpanzees? When in the evolutionary process did humans attain this image? These questions are tied to many other issues concerning human origins, including the soul, the fall, and the historicity of Adam and Eve.The phrase image of God does not appear many times in the Bible, but the importance of the concept is emphasized by its repetition in the scripture Then God said, let us make mankind in our image, in our likeness, so that they may rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky, over the livestock and all the wild animals, and over all the creatures that move along the ground. So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them male and female he created them. ( contemporaries 126-27) Herein, its clear that part of bearing Gods image is ruling over the animals. propagation 95-6 reveals another aspect of image bearing all hum an lifeblood is sacred because all humans are made in the image of God. The emphasis on Judeo-Christian thought on the sanctity of human life is derived in part from this passage. In the New Testament, the idea is expand further as Christ is revealed as the true image of the unseeable God. (2 Corinthians 44, Colossians 115).Being made in the image of God, says Lyons and Thompson, does not stir to the physical body, the posture, or the rootitative aspect of man. It is true that the interchange image (Hebrew tselem) is a term used in certain contexts within the Old Testament to refer to a model or to idols (and thus can refer to a similarity in physical appearance). It cant and doesnt denote such meaning in genesis 126-27, nor in any of the other passages referring to the imago Dei (image of God). God is not like unto gold, or silver, or stone (i.e., He is not physical Acts 1729). As Ashby camp down observed God, of course, is a spirit (Jn. 424), and the O.T. stresses his in cor poreality and invisibility (see Ex. 201-4 Deut. 415-16). So, the resemblance no doubt relates to some nonphysical aspect(s) of humanity (1999, p. 44). Since it is the case that a spirit hath not flesh and bone up (Luke 2439 cf. Matthew 1617), then man does not bear the image of God in his physical nature. (6) invention in the image of God distinguishes humankind from all other life forms said Milne in Know the Truth. Additionally, he said, traditional editions of the image refer to features such as human knowledge, moral awareness, original moral apotheosis and immortality. He goes on to say some scholars argue for a physical meaning for the image. And he also declares that others have argued for humanitys alleged Trinitarian constitution, or the image as human dominion. (Gen.126-28.) They are looking forward to the renewal of the dominion in the kingdom of God through Christ, the embodiment of the image. (Heb. 25-9) Furthermore, more recent interpretation Milne says, has speak of the social nature of the image, human experience as being-in-community reflecting the divine being-in-community of the Godhead. Barth extended this interpretation specifically to the man-woman relationship. (Gen. 127) God created (humanity) in his own image Male and female he created them.Irenaeus distinguished between the image, which he set with human reason and moral freedom, and the likeness, he identified with original office. He taught that only the likeness was missed in fall. This interpretation was followed through the medieval period and contributed to its essentially optimistic view of human nature. Luther, however, says that there is a case of Hebrew parallelism in Genesis 126. He believed image and likeness were synonyms what was true for one was true for the other. The image of God, he said, has therefore been totally lost and can be restored only through regeneration by the Holy Spirit.There is a variety of views on how the image has been affected by the fall. A ordinary view is that the image of God refers to the human abilities which separate us from the animals. Still, scientists have found that abilities like communication and rationality are also present in animals on a basic level. Another view is theologians do not see the image of God as human abilities, but instead it as our capacity for a relationship with God. Other theologians see it as our commission to represent Gods kingdom on earth. Either way, the source says God has given us our spiritual capacities and calls us to bear his image. (3)Nevertheless, Milne says the playscript doesnt actually refer to a total loss of the image of God. (Gen 96, 1Cor. 117 and James 39.) Calvin, spoke of relics of the image of God in fallen humanity, which, while affording no basis for humanitys justification, still distinguish them from the animal creation account for the undoubted gifts and achievements of non-Christians. Dutch scholars, in the reformed tradition, such as A. Kuyper and H. Bavinck, spoke in this connection of common grace, whereby God in his pity restrains the worst effects of the fall and renders social life endurable for humankind. (4)Lyons and Thompson communicate that, through the years, numerous scholars have suggested that the image of God spoken of in Genesis 126-27 refers to some sort of spiritual perfection that was lost at the time of mans fall, and thus is incomprehensible to us today. Genesis tells us that man was created in a special way, bearing the pounder of God upon him which the animals did not bear. Unfortunately Genesis also tells us that he lost this stamp. While Adam himself was created with this image, his disobedience so robbed him of it that all his children thereafter bore not the image of God but his-and even his likeness (1975, pp. 103, 109, first emp. added, last emp. in orig.) When we see in Genesis 126-27 that man was created in the image and likeness of God, does the language refer only to Adam and Eve as these writer s would have us to believe? Or does it refer to all mankind in general?It is the authors position that the image of God spoken of in Genesis 126-27 does not refer to some kind of spiritual perfection, especially considering the fact that the members of the Godhead (Who created man) are omniscient and therefore knew that man would sin. Re spring Martin Luther affirmed that the image was an original righteousness that was lost completely. He averred I am afraid that since the loss of this image through sin, we cannot understand it to any extent (as quoted in Dyrness, 1972, 15163, emp. added). magic trick Calvin similarly spoke of the image of God as having been destroyed by sin, obliterated by the fall, and utterly defaced by mans unrighteousness (see Hoekema, 1986, p. 43). Yet, at other times, he took a less hard-core approach and vacillated between a complete loss and a partial loss of the image. In his remark on Genesis, he wrote But now, although some obscure lineaments of that image are found remaining in us, yet are they so hurt and maimed, that they may truly be said to be destroyed (as quoted in Hoekema, p. 45, emp. added). Keil and Delitzsch commented that the concrete sum of money of the divine likeness was shattered by sin and it is only through Christ, the brightness of the glory of God and the expression of His essence (Heb. 13), that our nature is transformed into the image of God again (Col. 310 Eph. 424) 1996, 139. Canadian anthropologist Arthur C. Custance, in his book, Man in Adam and in Christ, observed.Feinberg, in speaking of the image of God as what he called an inalienable part of mans constitution, spoke of that image as currently being in a marred, corrupted, and impaired state (1972, 129245). Hoekema elaborated on the same point when he wrote in other words, there is also a sense in which human beings no longer properly bear the image of God, and therefore need to be renewed in that image. We could say that in this latter sense the image of God in man has been marred and corrupted by sin. Nevertheless, we must still see fallen man as an image-bearer of God, but as one who by nature images God in a distorted way (1986, p. 31). (6)II LikenessJim Schicatano believes that likeness and image are different. Likeness, he says, doesnt convey such preciseness as image. To be like someone means you bear many, but not all of the characteristics of that person. Obviously, man does not possess Gods omnipotence, wisdom, righteousness, perfection, ability to create, and divineness, he said. (5)In these others (along with Lyons and Thompson) differs with Schicatano in relations to the image/likeness of God. They say, the image (tselem) of God does not refer to something different than the likeness (demuth) of God. The Greek and Latin church fathers frequently suggested a attribute between the two words. They taught that tselem referred to the physical, and demuth to the ethical, part of the divine image (Feinberg, 1972, 129 237). Other theologians (like Irenaeus, A.D. 130-c. 200) taught that image denoted mans unchangeable essence (viz., his freedom and rationality), whereas likeness referred to the changing part of man (i.e., his relationship with God). Thus the former related to the very nature of man, while the latter was that which could be lost (Crawford, 1966, 77233). As of 1972, this still was the official view of the Roman Catholic Church (Feinberg, 129237).They go on to say despite the influence of those who claim that these words carry very different ideas about the image of God, a careful study of such passages as Genesis 126-27, 51-3, and 96 reveals that, in fact, these two Hebrew words do not speak of two different entities. Likeness simply emphasizes the image. As William Dyrness noted in regard to tselem and demuth The two words should be seen as having complementary rather than competing meanings. The first stresses the image of God as its being shaped and the second express its being l ike the original in significant ways (1972, 15162). Charles Feinberg, writing on The Image of God in the respected religious journal Bibliotheca Sacra, touchd when he remarked A careful study of Genesis 126-27 51,3 and 96 will show beyond question that it is impossible to avoid the closing curtain that the two Hebrew terms are not referring to two different entities. In short, use reveals the words are used interchangeably (1972, 129237).There actually is no good evidence for making any distinction between the two. In fact, the words are essentially synonymous in this context. Keil and Delitzsch remarked in their commentary on Genesis that the two words are merely combined to add intensity to the thought (1996, 139). As Clark puts it Man is not two images and to distinguish between image and likeness is fanciful exegesis (1969, 12216). (6)III DominionIn relations to dominion, there seems to be a difference of opinion as to what exactly God meant when he said, Let hem have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. (Genesis 126-28 )Schicatano believes we are like God in the sense that we have been given sovereignty over the entire Earth. God is responsible for the creation of the universe, and likewise, we are responsible for our world. This sovereignty, however, is not a birthright of ours. It is a sacred gift, given to us from God it is a delegated responsibility. merely as God has created and formed our world to His liking, we are capable of changing it and managing it to our liking. So, it is this responsibility that has been entrusted to us. It must not be taken for granted because ultimately we are answerable to God for the conditions of planet Earth and the state of our fellow human beings. (5)However, Lyons and Thompson dont share Schicatano belief. They convey that the image is not mans domination of the lower creation arou nd him. In a letter to the editor that Norman Snaith penned to the Expository Times in 1974, he boldly claimed The meaning is that God created man to be his agent, his representative in ruling all vivacious creatures, and he was given sufficient (to quote the psalm) honor and glory to do this. Biblically speaking, the phrase image of God has zip fastener to do with morals or any sort of ideals it refers only to mans domination of the world and everything that is in it. It says nothing about the nature of God, but everything concerning the function of man (1974, 8624, emp. added, parenthetic comment in orig.). In regard to this kind of thinking, we would be wise to remember that man must exist before dominion can be invested in him, and that man has chest because of the truth that he is made in the image or likeness of God.Also, the authority is not the cause of the image or likeness, but the image and likeness is the ground of the authority (Chafer, 1943, 100481, emp. added). In commenting on this subject James Hastings wrote The view that the Divine image consists in dominion over the creatures cannot be held without an almost inconceivable weakening of the figure, and is inconsistent with the sequel, where the rule over the creatures is, by a separate benediction, conferred on man, already made in the image of God. The truth is that the image marks the distinction between man and the animals, and so qualifies him for dominion the latter is the consequence, not the essence, of the Divine image (1976, 148, emp. added).Dominion, Keil and Delitzsch noted, is unquestionably ascribed to man simply as the consequence or effluence of his likeness to God (1996, 139). As William H. Baker commented It is the presence of the image of God in people that makes them able to exercise dominion over the earth. Dominion itself is not what constitutes the image (1991, p. 39, emp. in orig.). Although somewhat closely related to the image of God, utilization dominion over th e world is not itself that image. (6)ConclusionPerhaps while on earth we may never totally understand what is meant by these verses. But, upon research, some theologians, Christian Orthodoxy believe we are still in the image of God, others concur that when man fell his image was marred. And some agreed it was lost. However, without a doubt, what is clear is that in mankind, God has completed His final creation of the Creation Story. Lets consider what King David said of our creation and our special place among all of Gods creations. When I consider your heavens, the work of your fingers, the moon and the stars, which you have set in place, what is man that you are mindful of him, the son of man that you care for him? You made him a little lower than the heavenly beings and crowned him with glory and honor. You made him ruler over the works of your hands you put everything under his feet all flocks and herds, and the beasts of the field, the birds of the air, and the fish of the sea, all that swim the paths of the seas. (Psalms 83-8 NIV)With the diversity of views, most (Christian orthodox) agree that each of us have been made in the image and likeness of God, and because of this, we are capable of determining our own destiny. Unlike the plants and animals, God has endowed us with the ability to form a relationship with Him, the ability to join on our knowledge and wisdom, and the responsibility of caring for the world that He has given us.As His primary creations, we are obligated to imitate and show evidence of His divineness in every area of life. Some may find it complimentary that we have been made in His image. But, because of evolution many no longer care for this mystery. Matter-of-fact, some have become irresponsible stewards and have neglected the responsibilities that it entails. higher up all of His earthly creations, God has endowed man/womankind with a unique soul holding us responsible for all of our actions. (5) One day we will give an accou nt to the Creator how weve managed our temples, our lives, family, resources, businesses, ministries, blessings, and this planet called earth.Each author seems to have scriptural evidence to support their theory on this disputable and highly debatable topic. But, there was another point of agreeableness among them some of the characteristics were which represent man/woman being formed in the image of God. To name a few, we are creators, God created the heavens and the earth, were relational, God is relational, we are communicators, God is a communicator, we are spiritual beings as God is a Spirit, and we are intellectual beings who reasons, God is intelligent and reasons too.When we fully grasp what it means to bear Gods image, we are amazingly struck with the boundless, grandeur of our possibilities and the tragedy of our unrealised potential To be fully human is to completely reflect Gods image. Furthermore, though all humans possess these godlike capacities, each of us has the potential to express them uniquely because Gods image has been imprinted peculiarly on each of us. (7) In Gods infinite creativity there are no duplications. Everybody is an original and is created in the image of God, which according to Orthodox Christians can never be lost.Endnotes/ workings sited1) http//www.stgeorgeserbian.us/darren/darren03.html2) V. Plater- In the Image of God http//www.virtualplater.org.uk/?page_id=20543) BioLogos How could humans have evolved and still be created in the Image of God? BioLogos is a community of evangelical Christians committed to exploring and celebrating the compatibility of evolutionary creation and biblical faith, guided by the truth that all things hold together in Christ. Col 117 Daniel Harrell, Senior Minister,Colonial Church, Edina, Minn.- http//biologos.org/questions/image-of-god4) text Book Know the truth, by Bruce Milne5) Jim Schicatano,Created in the Image and Likeness of God. http//thebibleandscience.webs.com/articles/image.htm6 ) Lyons and Thompson- In the Image and Likeness of God. Eric Lyons, M.Min. Bert Thompson, Ph.D. http//www.apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx?category=11article=1497) Dick Staub- What Made in the Image of God Really Means By Dick Staub, March 4, 2013(Taking a second look at a very misunderstood part of our faith.) http//www.relevantmagazine.com/god/deeper-walk/features/23549-qmade-in-the-image-of-godq